Valoid is indicated in adults for the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting including:-

• Motion sickness when the oral route cannot be used.

• Nausea and vomiting caused by narcotic analgesics and by general anaesthetics in the post-operative period.

• Vomiting associated with radiotherapy especially for breast cancer since cyclizine does not elevate prolactin levels.

• Valoid injection, by the intravenous route, is also indicated pre-operatively in patients undergoing emergency surgery in order to reduce the hazard of regurgitation and aspiration of gastric contents during induction of general anaesthesia.

Valoid may be of value in relieving vomiting and attacks of vertigo associated with Meniè re's disease and other forms of vestibular disturbance when the oral route cannot be used.

Posology

For the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting, administer the first dose by slow intravenous injection 20 minutes before the anticipated end of surgery.

Adults

50 mg intramuscularly or intravenously up to three times daily.

When used intravenously, Valoid should be injected slowly into the bloodstream, with only minimal withdrawal of blood into the syringe.

For the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting, administer the first dose by slow intravenous injection 20 minutes before the anticipated end of surgery.

Cyclizine given intravenously, in half the recommended dose, increases the lower oesophageal sphincter tone and thereby reduces the hazard of regurgitation and aspiration of gastric contents if given to patients, undergoing emergency surgery, before induction of general anaesthesia.

Elderly

There have been no specific studies of Valoid in the elderly. Experience has indicated that normal adult dosage is appropriate.

Paediatric population

Not licensed for use in children.

Method of Administration:

Intramuscularly or intravenously.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

Valoid is contraindicated in the presence of acute alcohol intoxication. The anti-emetic properties of cyclizine may increase the toxicity of alcohol.

As with other anticholinergic agents, Valoid may precipitate incipient glaucoma and it should be used with caution and appropriate monitoring in patients with glaucoma, urinary retention, obstructive disease of the gastrointestinal tract, hepatic disease, pheochromocytoma, hypertension, epilepsy and in males with possible prostatic hypertrophy. Valoid injection may have a hypotensive effect.

Cyclizine should be used with caution in patients with severe heart failure or acute myocardial infarction. In such patients, cyclizine may cause a fall in cardiac output associated with increases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulmonary wedge pressure.

Cyclizine should be avoided in porphyria.

There have been reports of abuse of cyclizine, either oral or intravenous, for its euphoric or hallucinatory effects. The concomitant misuse of Valoid with large amounts of alcohol is particularly dangerous, since the antiemetic effect of cyclizine may increase the toxicity of alcohol (see also Section 4.5).

Case reports of paralysis have been received in patients using intravenous cyclizine. Some of the patients mentioned in these case reports had an underlying neuromuscular disorder. Thus intravenous cyclizine, should be used with caution in all patients and with particular care in patients with underlying neuromuscular disorders.

Valoid may have additive effects with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants e.g. hypnotics, tranquillisers, anaesthetics, antipsychotics, barbiturates.

Valoid enhances the soporific effect of pethidine.

Valoid may counteract the haemodynamic benefits of opioid analgesics.

Because of its anticholinergic activity, cyclizine may enhance the side-effects of other anticholinergic drugs, and may have an additive antimuscarinic action with other antimuscarinic drugs, such as atropine and some antidepressants (both tricyclics and MAOIs).

Valoid may mask the warning signs of damage caused by ototoxic drugs such as aminoglycoside antibacterials.

Pregnancy

In the absence of any definitive human data, the use of Valoid in pregnancy is not advised.

Breast-feeding

Cyclizine is excreted in human milk, however, the amount has not been quantified

Fertility:

In a study involving prolonged administration of cyclizine to male and female rats, there was no evidence of impaired fertility after continuous treatment for 90-100 days at dose levels of approximately 15 and 25 mg/kg/day. There is no experience of the effect of Valoid on human fertility.

Studies designed to detect drowsiness did not reveal sedation in healthy adults who took a single oral therapeutic dose (50 mg) of cyclizine, sedation of short duration was reported by subjects receiving intravenous cyclizine.

Patients should not drive or operate machinery until they have determined their own response.

Although there are no data available, patients should be cautioned that Valoid may have additive effects with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants, e.g. hypnotics and tranquillisers.

Adverse reactions are ranked under heading of frequency, the most frequent first, using the following convention: Very common: (≥ 1/10); Common (≥ 1/100 to <1/10); Uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to <1/100); Rare (≥ 1/10,000 to <1/1,000); Very rare (<1/10,000); Not known: cannot be estimated from the available data.

The following undesirable effects have been reported with a frequency of Not known.

*Case reports of paralysis have been received in patients using intravenous cyclizine. Some of the patients mentioned in these case reports had an underlying neuromuscular disorder (see section 4.4).

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme, website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

Symptoms

Symptoms of acute toxicity from cyclizine arise from peripheral anticholinergic effects and effects on the central nervous system.

Peripheral anticholinergic symptoms include, dry mouth, nose and throat, blurred vision, tachycardia and urinary retention. Central nervous system effects include drowsiness, dizziness, incoordination, ataxia, weakness, hyperexcitability, disorientation, impaired judgement, hallucinations, hyperkinesia, extrapyramidal motor disturbances, convulsions, hyperpyrexia and respiratory depression.

An oral dose of 5 mg/kg is likely to be associated with at least one of the clinical symptoms stated above. Younger children are more susceptible to convulsions. The incidence of convulsions, in children less than 5 years, is about 60% when the oral dose ingested exceeds 40 mg/kg.

Management

In the management of acute overdosage with Valoid, gastric lavage and supportive measures for respiration and circulation should be performed if necessary. Convulsions should be controlled in the usual way with parenteral anticonvulsant therapy.

Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Piperazine derivatives

ATC Code: R06AE03

Mechanism of action:

Cyclizine is a histamine H₁ receptor antagonist of the piperazine class which is characterised by a low incidence of drowsiness. It possesses anticholinergic and antiemetic properties. The exact mechanism by which cyclizine can prevent or suppress both nausea and vomiting from various causes is unknown. Cyclizine increases lower oesophageal sphincter tone and reduces the sensitivity of the labyrinthine apparatus. It may inhibit the part of the midbrain known collectively as the emetic centre.

Pharmacodynamics effects:

Cyclizine produces its antiemetic effect within two hours and lasts approximately four hours.

Distribution

In healthy adult volunteers the administration of a single oral dose of 50 mg cyclizine resulted in a peak plasma concentration of approximately 70 ng/ml occurring at about two hours after drug administration. The plasma elimination half-life was approximately 20 hours.

Biotransformation

The N-demethylated derivative, norcyclizine, has been identified as a metabolite of cyclizine. Norcyclizine has little antihistaminic (H₁) activity compared to cyclizine and has a plasma elimination half life of approximately 20 hours.

Elimination

After a single dose of 50mg cyclizine given to a single adult male volunteer, urine collected over the following 24 hours contained less than 1% of the total dose administered.

A. Mutagenicity

Cyclizine was not mutagenic in a full Ames test, including use of S9-microsomes but can nitrosate in vitro to form mutagenic products.

B. Carcinogenicity

No long term studies have been conducted in animals to determine whether cyclizine has a potential for carcinogenesis. However, long-term studies with cyclizine administered with nitrate have indicated no carcinogenicity.

C. Teratogenicity

Some animal studies are interpreted as indicating that cyclizine may be teratogenic at dose levels up to 25 times the clinical dose level. In another study, cyclizine was negative at oral dose levels up to 65 mg/kg in rats and 75 mg/kg in rabbits. The relevance of these studies to the human situation is not known.

D. Fertility

In a study involving prolonged administration of cyclizine to male and female rats there was no evidence of impaired fertility after continuous treatment for 90-100 days at dose levels of approximately 15 and 25 mg/kg/day. There is no experience of the effect of Valoid on human fertility.

Lactic Acid

Water for Injections

None known. In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.

Two years

Store below 25° C

Protect from light, keep the ampoule in the outer carton.

1ml neutral glass ampoules. Five ampoules in a carton.

No special instructions.