Desmopressin tablets are indicated for the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis.

Children (from 5 years of age) and adults (up to 65 years of age) with normal urine concentrating ability who have primary nocturnal enuresis should take 0.2mg at bedtime and only if needed should the dose be increased to 0.4mg.

The need for continued treatment should be reassessed after 3 months by means of a period of at least 1 week without desmopressin tablets.

Desmopressin tablets are contraindicated in cases of cardiac insufficiency and other conditions requiring treatment with diuretic agents. Desmopressin tablets should only be used in patients with normal blood pressure.

Before prescribing desmopressin tablets the diagnoses of psychogenic polydipsia and alcohol abuse should be excluded.

Desmopressin should not be prescribed to patients over the age of 65 for the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis.

Care should be taken with patients who have reduced renal function and/or cardiovascular disease or cystic fibrosis. In chronic renal disease the antidiuretic effect of desmopressin tablets would be less than normal.

When desmopressin tablets are used for the treatment of enuresis, fluid intake must be limited from 1 hour before taking the tablets at bedtime until the next morning and in any case for a minimum of 8 hours after administration.

Patients being treated for primary nocturnal enuresis should be warned to avoid ingesting water while swimming and to discontinue desmopressin tablets during an episode of vomiting and/or diarrhoea until their fluid balance is once again normal.

Precautions to prevent fluid overload must be taken in:

- conditions characterised by fluid and/or electrolyte imbalance

- patients at risk for increased intracranial pressure

Substances which are known to induce SIADH e.g. tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, chlorpromazine and carbamazepine, may cause an additive antidiuretic effect leading to an increased risk of water retention and/or hyponatraemia.

NSAIDs may induce water retention and/or hyponatraemia.

Concomitant treatment with loperamide may result in a 3-fold increase of desmopressin plasma concentrations, which may lead to an increased risk of water retention and/or hyponatraemia. Although not investigated, other drugs slowing transport might have the same effect.

A standardised 27% fat meal significantly decreased the absorption (rate and extent) of a 0.4mg dose of oral desmopressin. Although it did not significantly affect the pharmacodynamic effect (urine production and osmolality), there is the potential for this to occur at lower doses. If a diminution of effect is noted, then the effect of food should be considered before increasing the dose.

Pregnancy:

Data on a limited number (n=53) of exposed pregnancies in women with diabetes insipidus indicate rare cases of malformations in children treated during pregnancy. To date, no other relevant epidemiological data are available. Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/fetal development, parturition or postnatal development.

Caution should be exercised when prescribing to pregnant women. Blood pressure monitoring is recommended due to the increased risk of pre-eclampsia.

Lactation:

Results from analyses of milk from nursing mothers receiving high dose desmopressin (300 micrograms intranasally) indicate that the amounts of desmopressin that may be transferred to the child are considerably less than the amounts required to influence diuresis.

None

Side-effects include headache, stomach pain and nausea. Isolated cases of allergic skin reactions and more severe general allergic reactions have been reported. Very rare cases of emotional disorders including aggression in children have been reported. Treatment with desmopressin without concomitant reduction of fluid intake may lead to water retention/hyponatraemia with accompanying symptoms of headache, nausea, vomiting, weight gain, decreased serum sodium and in serious cases, convulsions.

An overdose of desmopressin tablets leads to a prolonged duration of action with an increased risk of water retention and/or hyponatraemia.

Treatment:

Although the treatment of hyponatraemia should be individualised, the following general recommendations can be given. Hyponatraemia is treated by discontinuing the desmopressin treatment, fluid restriction and symptomatic treatment if needed.

In its main biological effects, desmopressin does not differ qualitatively from vasopressin. However, desmopressin is characterised by a high antidiuretic activity whereas the uterotonic and vasopressor actions are extremely low.

In a modelling study in which intravenous desmopressin was infused over two hours in healthy adult male subjects, the EC₅₀ value was calculated as 1.7pg/ml based on urinary osmolality and 2.4pg/ml based on urinary volume.

The absolute bioavailability of orally administered desmopressin varies between 0.08% and 0.16%. Mean maximum plasma concentration is reached within 2 hours. The distribution volume is 0.2 – 0.32 l/kg. Desmopressin does not cross the blood-brain barrier. The oral terminal half-life varies between 2.0 and 3.11 hours.

After oral administration of a single dose of 2 x 200 micrograms desmopressin tablets to healthy subjects, 25% of the subjects had plasma concentrations of desmopressin above 1pg/ml up to at least 14 hours post dosing.

In in vitro studies in human liver microsome preparations, it has been shown that no significant amount of desmopressin is metabolised, and thus human liver metabolism in vivo is not likely to occur. Consequently it is also unlikely that desmopressin will interact with drugs affecting hepatic metabolism. However, formal in vivo interaction studies have not been performed.

About 65% of the amount of desmopressin absorbed after oral administration could be recovered in the urine within 24 hours.

There are no pre-clinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to that already included in other sections of the SPC.

Lactose monohydrate

Potato starch

Povidone

Magnesium stearate

Not applicable

36 months.

Do not store above 25° C. Keep the container tightly closed.

30ml High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) bottle with a tamper-proof, twist-off polypropylene (PP) closure with a silica gel desiccant insert. Each bottle contains 7, 30 or 90 tablets.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

None.