Imodium Dual Action Relief Tablets (P)

Imodium Dual Action Relief is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of acute diarrhoea in adults and adolescents over 12 years when acute diarrhoea is associated with gas-related abdominal discomfort including bloating, cramping or flatulence.

Posology

Adults over 18 years

Take two tablets initially, followed by one tablet after every loose stool. Not more than 4 tablets should be taken in a day, limited to no more than 2 days.

Adolescents between 12 and 18 years

Take one tablet initially, followed by one tablet after every loose stool. Not more than 4 tablets should be taken in a day, limited to no more than 2 days.

Paediatric population

Imodium Dual Action Relief is contraindicated in children under 12 years (see section 4.3).

Use in the elderly

No dosage adjustments are required for the elderly.

Use in renal impairment

No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with renal impairment.

Use in hepatic impairment

Although no pharmacokinetic data are available in patients with hepatic insufficiency, Imodium Dual Action Relief should be used with caution in such patients because of reduced first pass metabolism (see section 4.4).

Method of administration

Swallow the correct number of tablets whole with a drink of water.

- Children less than 12 years of age

- Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1

- Patients with acute dysentery, which is characterised by blood in stool and high fever

- Patients with acute ulcerative colitis

- Patients with pseudomembranous colitis associated with broad spectrum antibiotics

- Patients with bacterial enterocolitis caused by invasive organisms including Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter

Imodium Dual Action Relief must not be used when inhibition of peristalsis is to be avoided due to the possible risk of significant sequelae including ileus, megacolon and toxic megacolon. It must be discontinued promptly if constipation, ileus or abdominal distension develop.

Treatment of diarrhoea with loperamide-simeticone is only symptomatic. Whenever an underlying etiology can be determined, specific treatment should be given when appropriate.

In patients with (severe) diarrhoea, fluid and electrolyte depletion may occur. It is important that attention is paid to appropriate fluid and electrolyte replacement.

If clinical improvement is not observed within 48 hours, the administration of Imodium Dual Action Relief must be discontinued. Patients should be advised to consult their physician.

Patients with AIDS treated with Imodium Dual Action Relief for diarrhoea should have therapy stopped at the earliest signs of abdominal distension. There have been isolated reports of obstipation with an increased risk for toxic megacolon in AIDS patients with infectious colitis from both viral and bacterial pathogens treated with loperamide hydrochloride.

Although no pharmacokinetic data are available in patients with hepatic impairment, Imodium Dual Action Relief should be used with caution in such patients because of reduced first pass metabolism. This medicine must be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment as it may result in a relative overdose leading to central nervous system (CNS) toxicity. Imodium Dual Action Relief should be used under medical supervision in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction.

Cardiac events including QT interval and QRS complex prolongation, and torsades de pointes have been reported in association with overdose. Some cases had a fatal outcome (see section 4.9). Overdose can unmask existing Brugada syndrome. Patients should not exceed the recommended dose and/or the recommended duration of treatment.

Caution is needed in patients with a history of drug abuse. Abuse and misuse of loperamide, has been described (see section 4.9). Loperamide is an opioid with low bioavailability and limited potential to penetrate the blood brain barrier at therapeutic doses. However, addiction is observed with opioids as a class.

Imodium Dual Action Relief contains benzyl alcohol, which may cause allergic reactions. Imodium Dual Action Relief must be used with caution in patients with renal or hepatic impairment, or in patients who are pregnant or breast-feeding, because of the risk of accumulation and toxicity (metabolic acidosis).

This medicine contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.

This medicine contains less than 0.00044 mg of alcohol (ethanol) in each tablet. The small amount of alcohol in this medicine will not have any noticeable effects.

This medicine contains maltodextrin which contains glucose. Patients with rare glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

Non-clinical data have shown that loperamide is a P-glycoprotein substrate. Concomitant administration of loperamide (16 mg single dose) with quinidine, or ritonavir, which are both P-glycoprotein inhibitors, resulted in a 2 to 3-fold increase in loperamide plasma concentrations. The clinical relevance of this pharmacokinetic interaction with P-glycoprotein inhibitors, when loperamide is given at recommended dosages, is unknown.

The concomitant administration of loperamide (4 mg single dose) and itraconazole, an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, resulted in a 3 to 4-fold increase in loperamide plasma concentrations. In the same study a CYP2C8 inhibitor, gemfibrozil, increased loperamide by approximately 2-fold. The combination of itraconazole and gemfibrozil resulted in a 4-fold increase in peak plasma levels of loperamide and a 13-fold increase in total plasma exposure. These increases were not associated with measured CNS effects, as measured by psychomotor tests (i.e. subjective drowsiness and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test).

The concomitant administration of loperamide (16 mg single dose) and ketoconazole, an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, resulted in a 5-fold increase in loperamide plasma concentrations. This increase was not associated with increased pharmacodynamic effects as measured by pupillometry.

Concomitant treatment with oral desmopressin resulted in a 3-fold increase of desmopressin plasma concentrations, presumably due to slower gastrointestinal motility.

It is expected that drugs with similar pharmacological properties may potentiate loperamide's effect and that drugs that accelerate gastrointestinal transit may decrease its effect.

Since simeticone is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, no relevant interactions between simeticone and other drugs are expected.

Paediatric population

Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.

Pregnancy

Safety in human pregnancy has not been established, although from animal studies there are no indications that loperamide or simeticone possesses teratogenic or embryotoxic properties. Imodium Dual Action Relief should not be given during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, unless clinically justified.

Breast feeding

Small amounts of loperamide may appear in human breast milk. Therefore Imodium Dual Action Relief is not recommended during breast feeding.

Fertility

The effect on human fertility has not been evaluated.

Imodium Dual Action Relief has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. However, tiredness, dizziness and drowsiness may occur in the setting of diarrheal syndromes treated with loperamide HCl (see section 4.8). Therefore, it is advisable to use caution when driving a car or operating machinery.

The safety of loperamide-simeticone was evaluated in 2040 patients who participated in five clinical trials. All trials were in patients with acute diarrhoea with gas related discomfort and with a chewable tablet loperamide-simeticone formulation. Four trials compared loperamide-simeticone with loperamide, simeticone and placebo and one trial compared two formulations of loperamide-simeticone with placebo.

The most commonly reported (i.e., ≥1% incidence) ADRs in clinical trials were (with % incidence): dysgeusia (2.6%) and nausea (1.6%).

The safety of loperamide HCl was evaluated in 2755 patients aged ≥ 12 years who participated in 26 controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials of loperamide HCl used for the treatment of acute diarrhoea. The most common ADRs (>1%) reported in these clinical trials were constipation (2.7%), flatulence (1.7%), headache (1.2%), and nausea (1.1%).

The safety of loperamide HCl was also evaluated in 321 patients who participated in 5 controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials of loperamide HCl used for the treatment of chronic diarrhoea. The most common ADRs (>1%) reported in these clinical trials were flatulence (2.8%), constipation (2.2%), dizziness (1.2%), and nausea (1.2%)

Paediatric population

The safety of loperamide HCl was evaluated in 607 patients aged 10 days to 13 years who participated in 13 controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials of loperamide HCl used for the treatment of acute diarrhoea. The only ADR reported for ≥ 1% of loperamide HCl-treated patients was vomiting.

Table 1 displays ADRs that have been reported with the use of loperamide-simeticone from either clinical trial or post-marketing experience. Additional ADRs reported with the use of loperamide HCl (one of the components of loperamide-simeticone) are also shown.

The frequency categories are based on clinical trial data with loperamide – simeticone and loperamide HCl and use the following convention: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

Symptoms

In case of overdosage (including relative overdosage due to hepatic dysfunction), central nervous system depression (stupor, co-ordination abnormality, somnolence, miosis, muscular hypertonia, respiratory depression), dry mouth, abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting, constipation, urinary retention and paralytic ileus may occur.

In individuals who have ingested overdoses of loperamide HCL, cardiac events such as QT interval and QRS complex prolongation, torsades de pointes, other serious ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest and syncope have been observed (see section 4.4). Fatal cases have also been reported. Overdose can unmask existing Brugada syndrome. Upon cessation, cases of drug withdrawal syndrome have been observed in individuals abusing, misusing, or intentionally overdosing with excessively large doses of loperamide.

Treatment

If symptoms of overdosage occur, naloxone can be given as an antidote. Since the duration of action of loperamide is longer than that of naloxone (1 to 3 hours) repeated treatment with naloxone may be indicated. Therefore, the patient should be monitored closely for at least 48 hours in order to detect possible CNS depression.

Paediatric population

Children may be more sensitive to CNS effects than adults.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antipropulsive antidiarrheals, ATC code: A07D A53

Mechanism of Action

Loperamide HCl

Loperamide binds to the opiate receptor in the gut wall, reducing propulsive peristalsis, increasing intestinal transit time and enhancing resorption of water and electrolytes. Loperamide does not change the physiological flora. Loperamide increases the tone of the anal sphincter. Imodium Dual Action Relief does not act centrally.

Simeticone

Simeticone is an inert surface active agent with anti-foaming properties thereby potentially relieving gas related symptoms associated with diarrhoea.

Simeticone is liquid dimethicone activated with finely divided silicon dioxide to enhance the defoaming properties of the silicone.

Absorption

Most ingested loperamide is absorbed from the gut, but as a result of significant first pass metabolism, systemic bioavailability is only approximately 0.3%. The simeticone component of loperamide-simeticone is not absorbed.

Distribution

Studies on distribution in rats show a high affinity for the gut wall with a preference for binding to receptors of the longitudinal muscle layer. The plasma protein binding of loperamide is 95%, mainly to albumin. Non-clinical data have shown that loperamide is a P-glycoprotein substrate.

Biotransformation

Loperamide is almost completely extracted by the liver, where it is predominantly metabolized, conjugated and excreted via the bile. Oxidative N-demethylation is the main metabolic pathway for loperamide, and is mediated mainly through CYP3A4 and CYP2C8. Due to this very high first pass effect, plasma concentrations of unchanged drug remain extremely low.

Elimination

The half-life of loperamide in man is about 11 hours with a range of 9-14 hours. Excretion of the unchanged loperamide and the metabolites mainly occurs through the faeces.

Acute and chronic studies on loperamide showed no specific toxicity. Results of in vivo and in vitro studies carried out indicated that loperamide is not genotoxic. In reproduction studies, very high doses (40mg/kg/day - 20 times the maximum human use level, based on body surface area) loperamide impaired fertility and foetal survival in association with maternal toxicity in rats. Lower doses had no effects on maternal or foetal health and did not affect peri- and post-natal development.

Non-clinical in vitro and in vivo evaluation of loperamide indicates no significant cardiac electrophysiological effects within its therapeutically relevant concentration range and at significant multiples of this range (up to 47-fold). However, at extremely high concentrations associated with overdoses (see section 4.4), loperamide has cardiac electrophysiological actions consisting of inhibition of potassium (hERG) and sodium currents, and arrhythmias.

Simeticone is a member of the class of linear polydimethylsilicones, which have been in wide general and medicinal use for many years and are regarded as biologically inert and not exhibiting toxic properties and has not been the subject of specific animal toxicity studies.

Calcium hydrogen phosphate

Microcrystalline cellulose

Acesulfame potassium

Artificial vanilla flavour (includes propylene glycol, maltodextrin, ethanol and benzyl alcohol)

Sodium starch glycolate (Type A)

Stearic acid.

Not applicable.

3 years

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.

Push through blisters comprising polychlorotrifluoroethylene/PVC film, heat seal coating and aluminium foil.

or

Bend and peel blisters comprising polychlorotrifluoroethylene/PVC film, heat seal coating, aluminium foil/PET/paper.

Blister strips of 2, 4, 5, or 6 tablets in pack sizes of 6, 8, 10 or 12 tablets packed in printed cardboard cartons.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.