Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs used in diabetes, Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, ATC code: Not yet assigned
Mechanism of action
Orforglipron is an oral high-affinity nonpeptide GLP-1 receptor agonist that binds to and activates the human GLP-1 receptor.
GLP-1 receptors exist in brain regions that regulate appetite. In animal studies, orforglipron distributed to and activated neurons in brain regions that regulate appetite and decreased food intake.
GLP-1 agonism mediates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In animal studies, orforglipron increased insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Decreased body weight
Orforglipron reduces body weight, with greater fat mass loss than lean mass loss. Orforglipron reduces visceral adipose tissue. These effects may lead to increased insulin sensitivity and improved lipid profiles. Orforglipron decreases food intake. This effect is likely mediated by decreased appetite.
Glycaemic improvement
Orforglipron improves glycaemic measures by lowering fasting, pre- and postprandial glucose concentration through several mechanisms including increased glucose dependent insulin secretion, decreased fasting glucagon, and increased insulin sensitivity.
Delay in gastric Emptying
Orforglipron delays gastric emptying. The delay is largest after the first dose, and this effect diminishes over time.
Blood pressure
In the pooled placebo-controlled Phase 3 studies, treatment across orforglipron doses resulted in a mean decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Clinical efficacy and safety
Two pharmaceutical forms have been developed for orforglipron:
- 0.8 mg, 2.5mg, 5.5 mg, 9 mg, 14.5 mg, 17.2 mg film-coated tablets
- 1 mg, 3 mg, 6 mg, 12 mg, 24 mg, 36 mg hard capsules
Clinical studies were conducted with the hard capsule pharmaceutical form. Film-coated tablets and hard capsules are not substitutable on a mg-per-mg basis (Table 2). Similar efficacy and safety can be expected for both film-coated tablets and hard capsules with the same identifier imprint. Equivalent doses of the two formulations are outlined in the table below.
Table 2. Equal effect of orforglipron film-coated tablets and hard capsules
| Orforglipron film-coated tablet or hard capsule identifier imprint | Orforglipron film-coated tablet | | Orforglipron hard capsule |
| G1 | 0.8 mg | Equal effect to | 1 mg |
| G2 | 2.5 mg | 3 mg |
| G3 | 5.5 mg | 6 mg |
| G4 | 9.0 mg | 12 mg |
| G5 | 14.5 mg | 24 mg |
| G6 | 17.2 mg | 36 mg |
Weight management
The effectiveness of orforglipron for weight management, in combination with a healthy diet and physical activity, in patients with obesity, or overweight and at least one weight‑related comorbidity was evaluated in 2 randomised, double-blinded, placebo‑controlled phase 3 studies (ATTAIN-1 and ATTAIN-2). The primary endpoint was mean percent change in body weight. The secondary endpoints included percentage of patients achieving weight reduction targets, mean change in waist circumference, mean change in systolic blood pressure and mean percent change in triglycerides and non-HDL-cholesterol. A total of 4 740 adult patients (3 161 randomised to orforglipron) were included in these studies. All patients treated with orforglipron started with 1 mg for 4 weeks. Then the dose of orforglipron was increased to the next level every 4 weeks until they reached their assigned dose.
Treatment with orforglipron 6 mg, 12 mg or 36 mg demonstrated clinically meaningful and sustained weight reduction compared with placebo. Furthermore, a higher percentage of patients achieved ≥ 5 %, ≥ 10 %, ≥ 15 % and ≥ 20 % weight reduction with orforglipron compared with placebo. Results from the phase 3 studies are presented below based on all participants who were randomly assigned a study intervention.
ATTAIN ‑1
In a 72 week double‑blind placebo‑controlled study, 3,127 adult patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) or with overweight (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 to < 30 kg/m2) and at least one weight‑related comorbid condition (dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnoea, or cardiovascular disease) and without type 2 diabetes, were randomised to orforglipron 6 mg, 12 mg or 36 mg once daily or placebo. All patients were counselled on a healthy diet and physical activity throughout the trial. At baseline, patients had a mean age of 45 years, 64 % were women and 36 % of patients had prediabetes. Mean BMI at baseline was 37.0 kg/m2
Table 3. ATTAIN -1: Results at week 72
| Intent-to-Treat (ITT) population (n) | Orforglipron 6 mg n=723 | Orforglipron 12 mg n=725 | Orforglipron 36 mg n=730 | Placebo n = 949 |
| Body weight |
| Baseline mean (kg) | 103.2 | 102.2 | 103.1 | 103.9 |
| Change (%) from baseline | -7.8††† | -9.3††† | -12.4††† | -0.9††† |
| Difference (%) from placebo [95 % CI] | -6.9*** (-7.7, -6.2) | -8.4*** (-9.2, -7.6) | -11.5*** (-12.3, -10.6) | - |
| Change (kg) from baseline | -8.0††† | -9.4††† | -12.4††† | -1.0††† |
| Difference (kg) from placebo [95 % CI] | -7.0### (-7.9, -6.2) | -8.4### (-9.2, -7.5) | -11.4### (-12.3, -10.4) | - |
| Patients (%) achieving body weight reduction |
| ≥ 5 % | 63.8*** | 69.3*** | 77.1*** | 22.1 |
| ≥ 10 % | 35.9*** | 45.1*** | 59.6*** | 8.6 |
| ≥ 15 % | 16.5*** | 24.0*** | 39.6*** | 3.6 |
| ≥ 20 % | 7.2### | 11.4*** | 20.1*** | 1.6 |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
| Baseline mean | 112.2 | 112.0 | 112.4 | 112.8 |
| Change from baseline | -7.5††† | -9.0††† | -11.1††† | -2.1††† |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -5.4*** (-6.2, -4.7) | -6.9*** (-7.7, -6.1) | -9.0*** (-9.8, -8.2) | - |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 121.3 | 119.2 | 125.6 | 125.4 |
| % change from baseline | -12.1††† | -15.2††† | -21.6††† | -4.8††† |
| Relative difference from placebo [95% CI] | -7.7### (-11.2, -4.0) | -10.9### (-14.4, -7.2) | -17.6### (-20.7, -14.5) | - |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 114.9 | 113.3 | 114.6 | 114.3 |
| % change from baseline | -4.6††† | -6.7††† | -5.3††† | -0.5 |
| Relative difference from placebo [95% CI] | -4.2### (-6.6, -1.7) | -6.2### (-8.6, -3.9) | -4.9### (-7.2, -2.5) | - |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 48.1 | 48.7 | 47.0 | 47.7 |
| % change from baseline | 2.3††† | 3.7††† | 5.2††† | 0.1 |
| Relative difference from placebo [95% CI] | 2.3# (0.5, 4.1) | 3.6### (1.8, 5.5) | 5.2### (3.4, 7.0) | - |
| hsCRP (mg/L) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 |
| % change from baseline | -36.8††† | -41.1††† | -47.7††† | -12.7††† |
| Relative difference from placebo [95% CI] | -27.7### (-33.6, -21.3) | -32.6### (-38.2, -26.5) | -40.1### (-45.3, -34.4) | - |
*p< 0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to placebo for superiority; controlled for multiplicity.
#p< 0.05, ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to placebo; not controlled for multiplicity
†p < 0.05, ††p< 0.01, †††p< 0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to baseline.

Abbreviations: OFG= orforglipron
Figure 1. ATTAIN-1 Mean change in body weight (%) from baseline to week 72
In ATTAIN‑1, pooled doses of orforglipron 6 mg, 12 mg, and 36 mg led to a significant improvement compared to placebo in systolic blood pressure (-6.14 mmHg vs. -0.78 mmHg) and non-HDL cholesterol (-7.57 % vs. -1.41 %). Orforglipron 6 mg, 12 mg, and 36 mg all achieved statistically significant improvements in percent change in fasting insulin from baseline to week 72 of -20.64%, -23.87% and -32.78% respectively, compared to -7.30% with placebo.
Among the patients in ATTAIN ‑1 with prediabetes at baseline (N = 1128), patients treated with orforglipron 6 mg, 12 mg, and 36 mg all had a significantly higher proportion of patients, 89.1%, 87.7% and 91.3% respectively, revert to normoglycaemia at week 72, as compared with 42.4% of patients in the placebo group.
ATTAIN ‑2
In a 72 week double-blind placebo‑controlled study, 1,613 adult patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) or overweight (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) and type 2 diabetes, were randomised to orforglipron 6 mg, 12 mg or 36 mg once daily or placebo. Patients included in the trial had HbA1c ≥7‑ ≤10 % and were treated with either diet and exercise alone, or with one or more oral anti-hyperglycaemic agent. All patients were counselled on a healthy diet and increased physical activity throughout the trial. Patients had a mean age of 57 years and 47 % were women. Mean BMI at baseline was 35.6 kg/m2.
Table 4. ATTAIN -2: Results at week 72
| ITT population (n) | Orforglipron 6 mg n=329 | Orforglipron 12 mg n=332 | Orforglipron 36 mg n=322 | Placebo n=630 |
| Body weight |
| Baseline mean (kg) | 102.3 | 102.7 | 99.8 | 101.2 |
| Change (%) from baseline | -5.5††† | -7.8††† | -10.5††† | -2.2††† |
| Difference (%) from placebo [95 % CI] | -3.3*** (-4.1, -2.5) | -5.6*** (-6.5, -4.6) | -8.3*** (-9.3, -7.3) | - |
| Change (kg) from baseline | -5.5††† | -7.9††† | -10.4††† | -2.3††† |
| Difference (kg) from placebo [95 % CI] | -3.3### (-4.1, -2.4) | -5.6### (-6.6, -4.7) | -8.1### (-9.2, -7.0) | - |
| Patients (%) achieving body weight reduction |
| ≥ 5 % | 49.8*** | 60.2*** | 72.8*** | 24.4 |
| ≥ 10 % | 23.9*** | 35.5*** | 50.1*** | 7.0 |
| ≥ 15 % | 7.3### | 17.7*** | 28.4*** | 1.9 |
| ≥ 20 % | 3.9## | 6.2### | 12.0### | 0.2 |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
| Baseline mean | 116.8 | 116.2 | 114.7 | 115.0 |
| Change from baseline | -5.6††† | -7.2††† | -9.2††† | -2.7††† |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -3.0### (-3.9, -2.1) | -4.5### (-5.4, -3.5) | -6.5*** (-7.5, -5.5) | - |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) |
| Baseline mean | 64.3 | 64.8 | 64.5 | 64.3 |
| Change from baseline | -14.1††† | -17.5††† | -19.6 ††† | -1.5† |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -12.6*** (-14.6, -10.7) | -16.0 *** (-17.8, -14.2) | -18.1*** (-19.9, -16.2) | - |
| HbA1c (%) |
| Baseline mean | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.0 |
| Change from baseline | -1.3††† | -1.6††† | -1.8††† | -0.1† |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -1.2*** (-1.3, -1.0) | -1.5*** (-1.6, -1.3) | -1.7*** (-1.8, -1.5) | - |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c |
| < 7 % | 70.0*** | 78.0*** | 85.1*** | 23.0 |
| ≤ 6.5 % | 56.2*** | 67.5*** | 75.0*** | 10.6 |
| < 5.7 % | 7.8### | 17.9### | 28.1### | 0.7 |
| FSG (mmol/L) |
| Baseline mean | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.4 |
| Change from baseline | -1.8††† | -2.3††† | -2.5††† | 0.1 |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -1.9*** (-2.2, -1.6) | -2.3*** (-2.6, -2.1) | -2.6*** (-2.9, -2.3) | - |
| FSG (mg/dL) |
| Baseline mean | 152.9 | 155.1 | 154.7 | 151.5 |
| Change from baseline | -33.0††† | -41.1††† | -45.8††† | 1.2 |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -34.2*** (-39.8, -28.6) | -42.3*** (-47.3, -37.3) | -47.0*** (-52.1, -41.9) | - |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 157.4 | 164.4 | 157.2 | 162.8 |
| % change from baseline | -15.3††† | -16.0††† | -21.3††† | -4.7†† |
| Relative difference from placebo [95% CI] | -11.2### (-16.1, -5.9) | -11.9### (-16.8, -6.7) | -17.4### (-22.0, -12.6) | - |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 84.3 | 83.8 | 85.5 | 84.6 |
| % change from baseline | 0.7 | -2.4 | -3.0 | -2.6 |
| Relative difference from placebo [95% CI] | 3.4 (-1.7, 8.8) | 0.3 (-4.2, 5.0) | -0.4 (-5.1, 4.5) | - |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 43.5 | 42.8 | 43.1 | 42.0 |
| % change from baseline | 4.9 ††† | 4.9 ††† | 8.9 ††† | 2.0†† |
| Relative difference from placebo [95% CI] | 2.8# (0.5, 5.1) | 2.8# (0.4, 5.2) | 6.7 ### (4.3, 9.3) | - |
| hsCRP (mg/L) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 3.0 |
| % change from baseline | -38.3††† | -44.5††† | -50.6††† | -9.0†† |
| Relative difference from placebo [95% CI] | -32.2### (-40.5, -22.8) | -39.1### (-46.2, -31.0) | -45.8### (-52.3, -38.3) | - |
*p< 0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to placebo for superiority; controlled for multiplicity.
#p< 0.05, ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to placebo; not controlled for multiplicity
†p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, †††p < 0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to baseline.

Abbreviations: OFG= orforglipron
Figure 2. ATTAIN-2 Mean change in body weight (%) from baseline to week 72
In ATTAIN‑2, pooled doses of orforglipron 6 mg, 12 mg and 36 mg led to a significant improvement compared to placebo in systolic blood pressure (-4.90 mmHg vs. -1.48 mmHg), and non-HDL cholesterol (6.4 % vs. 3.0 %).
Effect on body composition
Changes in body composition were evaluated in a sub-study in ATTAIN‑1 (n = 171) using dual energy X‑ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The results of the DEXA assessment showed that treatment with orforglipron achieved statistically significant percent reduction in total body fat mass compared to placebo after 72 weeks. Furthermore, this reduction in total body fat mass was accompanied by a statistically significant percent reduction in total body lean mass and statistically significant percent reduction in visceral fat mass. These results suggest that body weight reduction was primarily due to a reduction in total fat mass, including visceral fat.
Improvement in physical functioning
Patients with obesity or overweight without diabetes who received orforglipron showed small improvements in health-related quality of life, including physical functioning. The improvements were greater in the orforglipron-treated patients than in those who received placebo. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the generic questionnaire Short Form‑36v2 Health Survey Acute, Version (SF‑36v2).
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Improvement of glycaemic control, reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and weight loss are integral parts of the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
The effectiveness of orforglipron for type 2 diabetes was evaluated in four global randomised, controlled, phase 3 studies (ACHIEVE-1, -2, -3 and -5) assessing change from baseline HbA1c as the primary objective. The studies involved 3765 treated adult patients with type 2 diabetes (2395 treated with orforglipron). The secondary endpoints included percentage of patients reaching target HbA1c, fasting serum glucose (FSG), change in body weight and percentage of patients achieving weight reduction targets. All patients treated with orforglipron started with 1 mg for 4 weeks. Then the dose of orforglipron was increased to the next level every 4 weeks until they reached their assigned dose.
Across the ACHIEVE studies, treatment with orforglipron demonstrated sustained, statistically significant and clinically meaningful reductions from baseline in HbA1c compared to either placebo or active control treatment (dapagliflozin and oral semaglutide) for up to 1 year. Statistically significant and clinically meaningful reductions from baseline in body weight were also demonstrated. The effectiveness of orforglipron was not impacted by age, gender, race, ethnicity, region or by baseline BMI, HbA1c, diabetes duration or renal function. Results from the phase 3 studies are presented below based on all participants who were randomly assigned a study intervention and who took at least 1 dose of study intervention.
ACHIEVE‑1 – Monotherapy
In a 40 week double‑blind placebo‑controlled study, 559 patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise alone, were randomised to orforglipron 3 mg, 12 mg or 36 mg once daily or placebo. At baseline the patients had a mean duration of diabetes of 4.4 years, a mean BMI of 33.0 kg/m2, a mean age of 53.4 years and 51.9 % were men.
Table 5. ACHIEVE‑1: Results at week 40
| ITT population (n) | Orforglipron 3 mg n=143 | Orforglipron 12 mg n=137 | Orforglipron 36 mg n=141 | Placebo n=138 |
| HbA1c (%) |
| Baseline (mean) | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.0 |
| Change from baseline | -1.3††† | -1.6††† | -1.5††† | -0.1 |
| Difference from placebo [95% CI] | -1.1*** (-1.4, -0.8) | -1.4*** (-1.7, -1.2) | -1.3*** (-1.6, -1.0) | |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) |
| Baseline (mean) | 63.2 | 63.8 | 64.7 | 63.6 |
| Change from baseline | -13.8††† | -17.4††† | -15.9††† | -1.6 |
| Difference from placebo [95% CI] | -12.2*** (-15.6, -8.7) | -15.8*** (-18.8, -12.7) | -14.2*** (-17.6, -10.9) | - |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c |
| <7% | 72.9*** | 76.2*** | 74.9*** | 28.0 |
| ≤6.5% | 61.5*** | 62.3*** | 66.0*** | 13.5 |
| <5.7% | 17.7### | 25.8### | 23.9### | 3.8 |
| FSG (mmol/L) |
| Baseline (mean) | 7.9 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.0 |
| Change from baseline | -1.7††† | -2.1††† | -2.1 ††† | -0.1 |
| Difference from placebo [95% CI] | -1.6*** (-2.2, -1.0) | -2.0*** (-2.6, -1.5) | -2.0*** (-2.6, -1.5) | - |
| FSG (mg/dL) |
| Baseline (mean) | 142.9 | 155.3 | 148.8 | 143.3 |
| Change from baseline | -30.6 | -37.4 | -37.8 | -1.1 |
| Difference from placebo [95% CI] | -29.4*** (-40.1, -18.7) | -36.3*** (-46.4, -26.3) | -36.7*** (-46.6, -26.8) | - |
| Body weight (%) |
| Baseline (mean) (kg) | 90.3 | 90.6 | 90.1 | 90.0 |
| Change from baseline | -4.7 | -6.1 | -7.9 | -1.6 |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -3.1*** (-4.4-1.8) | -4.5*** (-5.9, -3.1) | -6.3*** (-7.7, -4.8) | - |
| Body weight (kg) |
| Baseline (mean) | 90.3 | 90.6 | 90.1 | 90.0 |
| Change from baseline | -4.4††† | -5.5††† | -7.3††† | -1.3††† |
| Difference from placebo [95% CI] | -3.1### (-4.2, -2.0) | -4.2*** (-5.5, -3.0) | -6.0*** (-7.3, -4.6) | - |
| Patients (%) achieving weight loss |
| ≥5% | 44.7### | 56.6### | 64.2### | 19.4 |
| ≥10% | 16.8# | 29.8### | 31.7### | 7.6 |
| ≥15% | 5.3 | 8.3# | 10.9## | 2.2 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) |
| Baseline (mean) | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.6 |
| Change from baseline (%) | -9.1† | -16.5††† | -14.0††† | 0.0 |
| Relative difference from placebo [95% CI] | -9.2 (-18.3, 0.9) | -16.5*** (-24.5, -7.7) | -14.0** (-22.0, -5.3) | - |
| Non-HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) |
| Baseline (mean) | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
| Change from baseline (%) | -1.8 | -4.8† | -7.9††† | 3.2 |
| Relative difference from placebo [95% CI] | -4.8 (-10.3, 1.0) | -7.7* (-13.3, -1.9) | -10.8*** (-15.5, -5.7) | - |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) |
| Baseline (mean) | 126.5 | 127.5 | 128.3 | 128.4 |
| Change from baseline | -3.2 | -6.1 | -6.0 | -0.5 |
| Difference from placebo (95% CI) | -2.7# (-5.2,-0.2) | -5.6### (-8.2,-3.0) | -5.5### (-8.0,-3.0) | - |
*p< 0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to placebo for superiority; controlled for multiplicity.
#p< 0.05, ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to placebo; not controlled for multiplicity
†p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, †††p < 0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to baseline.


Abbreviations: OFG= orforglipron
Figure 3. ACHIEVE-1 Mean HbA1c (%) and mean body weight (%) from baseline to week 40
ACHIEVE‑2 – Combination therapy with metformin compared to dapagliflozin
In a 40 week active-controlled open-label study, (double-blind with respect to orforglipron dose assignment) 962 patients were randomised to once daily orforglipron 3 mg, 12 mg or 36 mg, or dapagliflozin 10 mg, all in combination with metformin. At baseline the patients had a mean duration of diabetes of 8.0 years, a mean BMI of 32.6 kg/m2, a mean age of 56.1 years and 50.7 % were men.
Table 6. ACHIEVE‑2: Results at week 40
| ITT population (n) | Orforglipron 3 mg n=240 | Orforglipron 12 mg n=241 | Orforglipron 36 mg n=241 | Dapagliflozin 10 mg n=240 |
| HbA1c (%) |
| Baseline (mean) | 8.2 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.1 |
| Change from baseline | -1.3††† | -1.7††† | -1.7††† | -0.8††† |
| Difference from Dapagliflozin [95% CI] | -0.6*** (-0.8, -0.3) | -1.0*** (-1.2, -0.8) | -1.0*** (-1.2, -0.7) | |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) |
| Baseline (mean) | 65.8 | 65.2 | 65.9 | 65.0 |
| Change from baseline | -14.4††† | -19.1††† | -18.9††† | -8.3††† |
| Difference from Dapagliflozin [95% CI] | -6.1*** (-8.4, -3.8) | -10.7*** (-12.8, -8.6) | -10.5*** (-12.9, -8.2) | - |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c |
| <7% | 63.2*** | 80.1*** | 77.9*** | 37.0 |
| ≤6.5% | 54.6*** | 66.7*** | 68.6*** | 21.6 |
| <5.7% | 9.7# | 15.3### | 23.7### | 4.4 |
| FSG (mmol/L) |
| Baseline (mean) | 8.8 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 8.5 |
| Change from baseline | -1.8††† | -2.4††† | -2.4††† | -1.2††† |
| Difference from Dapagliflozin [95% CI] | -0.5# (-1.0, -0.1) | -1.1### (-1.6, -0.7) | -1.2### (-1.6, -0.8) | - |
| FSG (mg/dL) |
| Baseline (mean) | 159.4 | 160.1 | 157.0 | 152.3 |
| Change from baseline | -32.3 | -43.1 | -43.9 | -22.5 |
| Difference from Dapagliflozin [95% CI] | -9.9# (-17.5, -2.3) | -20.7### (-28.1, -13.3) | -21.4### (-28.9, -14.0) | - |
| Body weight (%) |
| Baseline (mean) (kg) | 90.1 | 92.0 | 88.1 | 89.4 |
| Change from baseline | -3.5 | -6.3 | -7.3 | -3.0 |
| Difference from Dapagliflozin[95 % CI] | -0.5 (-1.4, 0.4) | -3.4*** (-4.3, -2.4) | -4.4*** (-5.5, -3.3) | - |
| Body weight (kg) |
| Baseline (mean) | 90.1 | 92.0 | 88.1 | 89.4 |
| Change from baseline | -3.2††† | -5.8††† | -6.8††† | -2.7††† |
| Difference from Dapagliflozin [95% CI] | -0.5 (-1.3, 0.4) | -3.1*** (-4.0, -2.2) | -4.0*** (-5.1, -3.0) | - |
| Patients (%) achieving weight loss |
| ≥5% | 38.6# | 55.9### | 61.3### | 27.9 |
| ≥10% | 14.2## | 29.7### | 33.6### | 5.7 |
| ≥15% | 3.2 | 8.9### | 17.5### | 1.1 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
| % change from baseline | -9.9††† | -12.7††† | -14.8††† | -4.0 |
| Relative difference from dapagliflozin [95% CI] | -6.1 (-13.0, 1.3) | -9.1# (-16.2, -1.5) | -11.2** (-17.8, -4.1) | - |
| Non-HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) |
| Baseline (mean) | 3.1 | 3.2 | 32 | 3.1 |
| Change from baseline | -2.8 | -8.2††† | -5.0†† | -0.1 |
| Relative difference from Dapagliflozin [95% CI] | -2.9 ( -7.4, 1.9) | -8.2### ( -12.6, -3.7) | -5.0* ( -9.7, -0.1) | - |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) |
| Baseline (mean) | 127.6 | 128.1 | 127.7 | 128.3 |
| Change from baseline | -2.8 (0.7) | -5.1 (0.7) | -5.8 (0.7) | -3.8 (0.6) |
| difference from Dapagliflozin [95% CI] | 1.1 (-0.7, 2.8) | -1.3 (-3.1, 0.5) | -2.0* (-3.8, -0.2) | - |
*p< 0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to placebo for superiority; controlled for multiplicity.
#p< 0.05, ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to placebo; not controlled for multiplicity
†p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, †††p < 0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to baseline.


Abbreviations: Dapa = dapagliflozin, OFG= orforglipron
Figure 4. ACHIEVE-2 Mean HbA1c (%) and mean body weight (%) from baseline to week 40
ACHIEVE‑3 – Combination therapy with metformin compared to oral semaglutide
In a 52 week active-controlled open-label study, 1698 patients were randomised to orforglipron 12 mg or 36 mg once daily or oral semaglutide 7 mg or 14 mg, all in combination with metformin. At baseline the patients had a mean duration of diabetes of 8.7 years, a mean BMI of 35.1kg/m2 .
A mean age of 53.9 years and 51.4% were men.
Table 7. ACHIEVE‑3: Results at week 52
| ITT population (n) | Orforglipron 12 mg n=424 | Orforglipron 36 mg n=423 | Semaglutide+ 7 mg n=426 | Semaglutide+ 14 mg n=425 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) |
| Baseline (mean) | 66.8 | 67.0 | 67.3 | 67.2 |
| Change from baseline | -20.8††† | -23.6††† | -12.2††† | -15.8††† |
| Difference from semaglutide 7 mg [95 % CI] | -8.7*** (-10.5, -6.8) | -11.4*** (-13.1, -9.6) | - | - |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 14 mg [95 % CI] | -5.0*** (-6.8, -3.2) | -7.7*** (-9.5, -6.0) | - | - |
| HbA1c (%) |
| Baseline (mean) | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 |
| Change from baseline | -1.9††† | -2.2††† | -1.1††† | -1.4††† |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 7 mg [95 % CI] | -0.8*** (-1.0, -0.6) | -1.0*** (-1.2, -0.9) | | |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 14 mg [95 % CI] | -0.5*** (-0.6, -0.3) | -0.7*** (-0.9, -0.5) | | |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c |
| < 7 % | 80.0***a, ***b | 85.4***a, ***b | 54.6 | 66.1 |
| ≤ 6.5 % | 71.8***a, ***b | 76.8***a, ***b | 40.9 | 50.9 |
| < 5.7 % | 25.4###a, ###b | 37.1###a, ###b | 7.8 | 12.5 |
| FSG (mmol/L) |
| Baseline (mean) | 9.4 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.6 |
| Change from baseline | -3.1††† | -3.3††† | -1.6††† | -2.2††† |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 7 mg [95 % CI] | -1.5### (-1.8, -1.1) | -1.7### (-2.1, -1.4) | - | - |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 14 mg [95 % CI] | -0.8### (-1.2, -0.5) | -1.1### (-1.4, -0.8) | - | - |
| FSG (mg/dL) |
| Baseline (mean) | 168.5 | 167.1 | 169.9 | 172.4 |
| Change from baseline | -55.2††† | -60.1††† | -28.9††† | -40.2††† |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 7 mg [95 % CI] | -26.2### (-32.3, -20.2) | -31.2### (-37.0, -25.4) | - | - |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 14 mg [95 % CI] | -15.0### (-20.7, -9.2) | -19.9### (-25.4, -14.4) | - | - |
| Body weight (%) |
| Baseline (mean) (kg) | 96.1 | 96.5 | 97.1 | 98.4 |
| Change from baseline | -6.7††† | -9.2††† | -3.7††† | -5.3††† |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 7 mg [95 % CI] | -2.9*** (-3.8, -2.1) | -5.5*** (-6.4, -4.5) | - | - |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 14 mg [95 % CI] | -1.4## (-2.3, -0.5) | -4.0*** (-4.9, -3.0) | - | - |
| Body weight (kg) |
| Baseline (mean) | 96.1 | 96.5 | 97.1 | 98.4 |
| Change from baseline | -6.6††† | -8.9††† | -3.6††† | -5.0††† |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 7 mg [95 % CI] | -3.1*** (-3.9, -2.2) | -5.4*** (-6.3, -4.4) | - | - |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 14 mg [95 % CI] | -1.6### (-2.5, -0.8) | -3.9*** (-4.9, -3.0) | - | - |
| Patients (%) achieving body weight reduction |
| ≥ 5 % | 59.2###a, ##b | 69.5###a, ###b | 36.9 | 49.4 |
| ≥ 10 % | 28.2###a, #b | 43.5###a, ###b | 13.2 | 21.0 |
| ≥ 15 % | 12.0###a, ##b | 23.2###a, ###b | 5.0 | 6.5 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.8 |
| % change from baseline | -16.9††† | -16.0††† | -5.0†† | -13.4††† |
| Relative difference from oral semaglutide 7 mg [95% CI] | -12.5### (-17.8, -7.0) | -11.6### (-16.8, -6.0) | - | - |
| Relative difference from oral semaglutide 14 mg [95 % CI] | -4.0 (-9.2, 1.5) | -2.9 (-8.1, 2.6) | - | - |
| Non-HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 |
| % change from baseline | -7.7††† | -5.5††† | -2.1 | -1.9 |
| Relative difference from oral semaglutide 7 mg [95% CI] | -5.7## (-9.3, -2.0) | -3.4# (-7.1, 0.4) | - | - |
| Relative difference from oral semaglutide 14 mg [95 % CI] | -5.9### (-9.2, -2.4) | -3.6# (-7.0, -0.1) | - | - |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
| Baseline (mean) | 129.6 | 129.1 | 129.5 | 128.8 |
| Change from baseline | -4.5††† | -5.4††† | -2.0††† | -2.7††† |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 7 mg [95 % CI] | -2.5## (-4.0, -0.9) | -3.4### (-5.1, -1.7) | - | - |
| Difference from oral semaglutide 14 mg [95 % CI] | -1.8# (-3.4, -0.2) | -2.7## (-4.5, -1.0) | - | - |
+oral semaglutide once daily
*p< 0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to oral semaglutide for superiority; controlled for multiplicity.
#p< 0.05, ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to oral semaglutide; not controlled for multiplicity
†p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, †††p < 0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to baseline.
a p-value compared to oral semaglutide 7 mg
b p-value compared to oral semaglutide 14 mg


Abbreviations: SEMA= semaglutide, OFG= orforglipron
Figure 5. ACHIEVE-3 Mean HbA1c (%) and mean body weight (%) from baseline to week 52
ACHIEVE‑5 – Combination therapy with titrated basal insulin, with or without metformin and/or SGLT-2 Inhibitor
In a 40 week double-blind placebo‑controlled study, 546 patients with inadequate glycaemic control using insulin glargine with or without metformin and/or SGLT2i were randomised to orforglipron 3 mg, 12 mg or 36 mg once daily or placebo. Insulin glargine doses were adjusted using an algorithm with a fasting blood glucose target of < 5.5 mmol/L. At baseline the patients had a mean duration of diabetes of 15.0 years, a mean BMI of 30.8 kg/m2, a mean age of 60.2 years and 52.9 % were men. The overall estimated mean dose of insulin glargine at baseline was 36.3 units/day. The mean dose of insulin glargine at week 40 was 44.9, 47.8, 45.5 and 57.3 units/day for orforglipron 3 mg, 12 mg, 36 mg and placebo respectively.
Table 8. ACHIEVE‑5: Results at week 40
| ITT population (n) | Orforglipron 3 mg n=137 | Orforglipron 12 mg n=132 | Orforglipron 36 mg n=136 | Placebo n=141 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) |
| Baseline (mean) | 70.0 | 70.2 | 68.9 | 68.6 |
| Change from baseline | -16.9††† | -22.4††† | -20.8††† | -8.5††† |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -8.4*** (-11.1, -5.7) | -14.0*** (-16.7, -11.3)*** | -12.3*** (-15.2, -9.4) | - |
| HbA1c (%) |
| Baseline (mean) | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.4 |
| Change from baseline | -1.5††† | -2.1††† | -1.9††† | -0.8††† |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -0.8*** (-1.0, -0.5) | -1.3*** (-1.5, -1.0) | -1.1*** (-1.4, -0.9) | - |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c |
| < 7 % | 60.7*** | 80.8*** | 69.2*** | 23.7 |
| ≤ 6.5 % | 45.9*** | 69.1*** | 60.1*** | 11.1 |
| < 5.7 % | 8.9## | 17.4### | 20.7### | 1.2 |
| FSG (mmol/L) |
| Baseline (mean) | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 8.0 |
| Change from baseline | -2.2††† | -2.7††† | -2.5††† | -2.0††† |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -0.3 (-0.7, 0.1) | -0.7### (-1.1, -0.3) | -0.5# (-0.9, -0.1) | - |
| FSG (mg/dL) |
| Baseline (mean) | 148.9 | 148.8 | 143.7 | 143.7 |
| Change from baseline | -40.5††† | -48.0††† | -44.5††† | -35.3††† |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -5.2 (-12.4, 2.1) | -12.6### (-19.7, -5.5) | -9.2# (-16.2, -2.2) | - |
| Body weight (%) |
| Baseline (mean) (kg) | 86.1 | 86.2 | 82.9 | 85.7 |
| Change from baseline | -2.7††† | -5.8††† | -6.1††† | 0.6 |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -3.3*** (-4.6, -2.0) | -6.4*** (-7.8, -5.0) | -6.8*** (-8.4, -5.2) | - |
| Body weight (kg) |
| Baseline (mean) | 86.1 | 86.2 | 82.9 | 85.7 |
| Change from baseline | -2.2††† | -5.0††† | -5.2††† | 0.5 |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -2.6*** (-3.8, -1.4) | -5.5*** (-6.7, -4.3) | -5.6*** (-7.1, -4.2) | - |
| Patients (%) achieving body weight reduction |
| ≥ 5 % | 35.4### | 52.6### | 50.6### | 16.1 |
| ≥ 10 % | 15.7## | 23.3### | 27.4### | 4.2 |
| ≥ 15 % | 6.2 | 9.9# | 14.1## | 2.5 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| % change from baseline | -4.8 | -17.4††† | -14.7††† | -4.7 |
| Relative difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -0.1 (-9.2, 9.9) | -13.4## (-21.6, -4.2) | -10.5# (-19.1, 1.0) | - |
| Non-HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) |
| Baseline geometric mean | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.2 |
| % change from baseline | -3.9 | -7.6†† | -7.8†† | -1.1 |
| Relative difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -2.8 (-9.5, 4.4) | -6.6 (-13.5, 0.8) | -6.8 (-13.4, 0.5) | - |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
| Baseline (mean) | 130.8 | 131.6 | 130.1 | 130.3 |
| Change from baseline | -1.9† | -3.2†† | -2.2 | 0.0 |
| Difference from placebo [95 % CI] | -1.9 (-4.6, 0.9) | -3.2# (-6.2, -0.2) | -2.2 (-5.4, 1.0) | - |
*p< 0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to placebo for superiority; controlled for multiplicity.
#p< 0.05, ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to placebo; not controlled for multiplicity
†p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, †††p < 0.001 (unadjusted 2-sided) compared to baseline.


Abbreviations: OFG= orforglipron
Figure 6. ACHIEVE-5 Mean HbA1c (%) and mean body weight (%) from baseline to week 40
Cardiovascular evaluation
Maximal mean reductions in systolic blood pressure from baseline showed dose dependency in both the placebo-controlled weight management and type 2 diabetes studies. The maximum reduction was more pronounced in weight management (-6.9 to -7.8 mmHg) than in type 2 diabetes (-4.8 to -6.5 mmHg) studies. Orforglipron reduced diastolic blood pressure in weight management studies (-2.3 to ‑2.7 mmHg) but had no clinically relevant effect on diastolic blood pressure in type 2 diabetes studies
A greater proportion of participants in the orforglipron groups compared with placebo had treatment-emergent pulse rate elevations to >100 bpm for ≥2 consecutive visits in both weight management (orforglipron 2.68%; placebo, 1.23%) and type 2 diabetes (orforglipron 3.53%; placebo, 0.73%) studies.
Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were adjudicated by an external independent group of experts. Across the placebo-controlled phase 3 studies a total of 59 participants (0.97%) had an adjudication-confirmed MACE, with an incidence of 0.94% in the orforglipron group compared with 1.04% in the placebo group. These results do not suggest an increase in CV risk with orforglipron.
Other information
Fasting serum glucose
Across ACHIEVE‑1, -2, -3 and -5 studies, treatment with orforglipron resulted in significant reductions from baseline in FSG (changes from baseline to primary endpoint visit were -1.70 mmol/L (-30.69 mg/dL) to -3.44 mmol/L (-60.1 mg/dL)). Significant reductions from baseline in FSG were observed as early as 4 weeks. Further improvement in FSG was seen through to 40 weeks then was sustained through the longest study duration of 52 weeks.
Postprandial glucose
In ACHIEVE-1, -2, -3 and -5 studies all doses of orforglipron showed statistically significant decreases compared with placebo or active comparators in the change from baseline in self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) overall daily mean, premeal daily mean, and post meal daily mean. In ACHIEVE-1, -2, -3 and -5, for participants assigned to the orforglipron 12 and 36 mg groups, all 7-point SMBG mean postprandial values remained below 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL), except for the evening 2-hour post meal value in ACHIEVE-5.
Proportion of patients reaching HbA1c < 7 % (< 53 mmol/mol) and ≤ 6.5 % (≤ 39 mmol/mol) without clinically significant hypoglycaemia
In the 3 type 2 diabetes studies without basal insulin or sulfonylurea (ACHIEVE‑1, -2 and -3), 98 % to 100 % of patients who achieved an HbA1c < 7 % or ≤ 6.5 % at the primary endpoint visit with orforglipron treatment did so without clinically significant hypoglycaemia.
In ACHIEVE-5 where orforglipron was combined with titrated basal insulin, 85 % of patients who achieved an HbA1c < 7% and 81 % of patients who achieved an HbA1c ≤ 6.5 % at the primary endpoint visit with orforglipron treatment did so without clinically significant hypoglycaemia.
Paediatric population
The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Foundayo in one or more subsets of the paediatric population for the treatment of weight management and for type 2 diabetes mellitus (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).