Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection (Focus)

Rapid conversion to a normal sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias, including those associated with accessory by-pass tracts (Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome).

Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection is indicated in adults and children aged 0 to 18 years.

Diagnostic Indications

Aid to diagnosis of broad or narrow complex supraventricular tachycardias. Although Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection will not convert atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm, the slowing of AV conduction helps diagnosis of atrial activity.

Sensitisation of intra-cavitary electrophysiological investigations.

Paediatric population

Rapid conversion to a normal sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children aged 0 to 18 years.

Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection is intended for hospital use only with monitoring and cardiorespiratory resuscitation equipment available for immediate use, if necessary.

Method of administration

It should be administered by rapid IV bolus injection according to the ascending dosage schedule below. To be certain the solution reaches the systemic circulation, administer either directly into a vein or into an IV line. If given into an IV line, it should be injected as proximally as possible and followed by a rapid saline flush.

Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection should only be used when facilities exist for cardiac monitoring. Patients who develop high-level AV block at a particular dose should not be given further dosage increments.

Therapeutic dose

Adult:

Initial dose: 3mg given as a rapid intravenous bolus (over 2 seconds).

Second dose: If the first dose does not result in elimination of the supraventricular tachycardia within 1 to 2 minutes, 6mg should be given also as a rapid intravenous bolus.

Third dose: If the second dose does not result in elimination of the supraventricular tachycardia within 1 to 2 minutes, 12mg should be given also as a rapid intravenous bolus.

Additional or higher doses are not recommended.

Paediatric population

During administration of Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection, cardio-respiratory resuscitation equipment must be available for immediate use if necessary. Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection is intended for use with continuous monitoring and ECG recording during administration.

The dosing recommended for the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in the paediatric population is:

- first bolus of 0.1mg/kg body weight (maximum dose of 6mg)

- increments of 0.1mg/kg body weight as needed to achieve termination of supraventricular tachycardia (maximum dose of 12mg).

Elderly

See dosage recommendations for adults.

Diagnostic dose

The above ascending dosage schedule should be employed until sufficient diagnostic information has been obtained.

Method of administration

Adults and the elderly: Rapid intravenous injection only.

Paediatrics: Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection should be administered by rapid intravenous (IV) bolus injection into a vein or into an IV line. If given into an IV line, it should be injected through as proximally as possible and followed by a rapid saline flush. If administered through a peripheral vein, a large bore cannula should be used.

Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection is contraindicated for patients presenting:

− Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1

− Sick sinus syndrome, second or third degree Atrio-Ventricular block (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker)

− Chronic obstructive lung disease with evidence of bronchospasm (e.g. asthma bronchiale)

− Long QT syndrome

− Severe hypotension

- Decompensated states of heart failure

Special warnings:

Due to the possibility of transient cardiac arrhythmias arising during conversion of the supraventricular tachycardia to normal sinus rhythm, administration should be carried out in a hospital setting with monitoring and cardio-respiratory resuscitation equipment available for immediate use, if necessary. During administration, continuous ECG monitoring is necessary as life-threatening arrhythmia might occur (see section 4.2).

Because it has the potential to cause significant hypotension, adenosine should be used with caution in patients with left main coronary stenosis, uncorrected hypovolemia, stenotic valvular heart disease, left to right shunt, pericarditis or pericardial effusion, autonomic dysfunction or stenotic carotid artery disease with cerebrovascular insufficiency.

Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with recent myocardial infarction, severe heart failure, or in patients with minor conduction defects (first degree A-V block, bundle branch block) that could be transiently aggravated during infusion. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter and especially in those with an accessory by-pass tract since particularly the latter may develop increased conduction down the anomalous pathway.

Rare cases of severe bradycardia have been reported. Some occurred in early post heart transplant patients; in the other cases, occult sino-atrial disease was present. The occurrence of severe bradycardia should be taken as a warning of underlying disease and could potentially favour the occurrence of torsades de pointes, especially in patients with prolonged QT intervals.

In patients with recent heart transplantation (less than 1 year) an increased sensitivity of the heart to adenosine has been observed.

Since neither the kidney nor the liver are involved in the degradation of exogenous adenosine, Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection's efficacy should be unaffected by hepatic or renal insufficiency.

As dipyridamole is a known inhibitor of adenosine uptake, it may potentiate the action of Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection. It is therefore suggested that Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection should not be administered to patients receiving dipyridamole; if use of Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection is essential, dipyridamole should be stopped 24 hours before hand, or the dose of Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection should be greatly reduced (see Section 4.5 Interactions with other Medicaments and other forms of Interaction).

Precautions:

The occurrence of angina, severe bradycardia, severe hypotension, respiratory failure (potentially fatal), or asystole/cardiac arrest (potentially fatal), should lead to immediate discontinuation of administration.

Adenosine may trigger convulsions in patients who are susceptible to convulsions. In patients with history of convulsions/seizures, the administration of adenosine should be carefully monitored.

Because of the possible risk of torsades de pointes, Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection should be used with caution in patients with a prolonged QT interval, whether this is drug induced or of metabolic origin. Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection is contraindicated in patients with Long QT syndrome (see section 4.3).

Adenosine may precipitate or aggravate bronchospasm (see sections 4.3 and 4.8).

Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection contains 9mg of sodium chloride per 1ml of solution (corresponding to 3.54mg (0.15mmol) of sodium per 1ml of solution). To be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.

Paediatric population

Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection may trigger atrial arrhythmias and thus might lead to ventricular acceleration in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome (see section 5.1).

The efficacy of intraosseus administration has not been established.

Dipyridamole inhibits adenosine cellular uptake and metabolism, and potentiates the action of adenosine. In one study, dipyridamole was shown to produce a 4 fold increase in adenosine actions. Asystole has been reported following concomitant administration.

It is therefore suggested that Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection should not be administered to patients receiving dipyridamole; if use of Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection is essential, dipyridamole should be stopped 24 hours beforehand, or the dose of Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection should be greatly reduced. See Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use.

Aminophylline, theophylline and other xanthines are competitive adenosine antagonists and should be avoided for 24 hours prior to use of adenosine.

Food and drinks containing xanthines (tea, coffee, chocolate and cola) should be avoided for at least 12 hours prior to use of adenosine.

Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection may interact with drugs tending to impair cardiac conduction.

Pregnancy: There are no or limited amount of data from the use of adenosine in pregnant women. Animal studies are insufficient with respect to reproductive toxicity. Adenosine is not recommended during pregnancy unless the physician considers the benefits to outweigh the potential risks.

Lactation: It is unknown whether adenosine metabolites are excreted in human milk. Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection should not be used during breast-feeding.

Not relevant.

Adverse events are ranked under the heading of the frequency:

Very common (>1/10), Common (>1/100, <1/10), Uncommon (>1/1000, <1/100), Rare (>1/10000, <1/1000), Very rare (<1/10000), Not known (cannot be estimated from available data).

These side effects are generally mild, of short duration (usually less than 1 minute) and well tolerated by the patient. However severe reactions can occur.

Methylxanthines, such as IV aminophylline or theophylline have been used to terminate persistent side effects (50-125 mg by slow intravenous injection).

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

Overdosage would cause severe hypotension, bradycardia or asystole. The half life of adenosine in blood is very short, and side effects (when they occur) would quickly resolve. Administration of IV aminophylline or theophylline may be needed. Pharmacokinetic evaluation indicates that methyl xanthines are competitive antagonists to adenosine, and that therapeutic concentrations of theophylline block its exogenous effects.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other Cardiac Preparations

ATC Code:C01EB10

Endogenous nucleoside with peripheral vasodilator/antiarrhythmic effect.

Antiarrhythmic drug.

Adenosine is a purine nucleoside which is present in all cells of the body. Animal pharmacology studies have in several species shown that adenosine has a negative dromotropic effect on the atrioventricular (AV) node.

In man Adenosine 3mg/ml Solution for Injection (adenosine), administered by rapid intravenous injection, slows conduction through the AV node. This action can interrupt re-entry circuits involving the AV node and restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias. Once the circuit has been interrupted, the tachycardia stops and normal sinus rhythm is re-established.

One acute interruption of the circuit is usually sufficient to arrest the tachycardia.

Since atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter do not involve the AV node as part of a re-entry circuit, adenosine will not terminate these arrhythmias.

By transiently slowing AV conduction, atrial activity is easier to evaluate from ECG recordings and therefore the use of adenosine can aid the diagnosis of broad or narrow complex tachycardias.

Adenosine may be useful during electrophysiological studies to determine the site of AV block or to determine in some cases of pre-excitation, whether conduction is occurring by an accessory pathway or via the AV node.

Paediatric population

No controlled studies have been conducted in paediatric patients with adenosine for the conversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). However, the safety and efficacy of adenosine in children aged 0 to 18 years with PSVT is considered established based on extensive clinical use and literature data (open label studies, case reports, clinical guidelines).

Literature review identified 14 studies where IV adenosine was used for acute termination of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in around a total of 450 paediatric patients aged 6 hours to 18 years. Studies were heterogenic in terms of age and dosing schedules. SVT was terminated in 72 to 100% of cases in most of the published studies. Dosages used varied from 37.5mcg/kg to 400mcg/kg. Several studies discussed a lack of response to starting doses less than 100mcg/kg.

Depending on the child's clinical history, symptoms and ECG diagnosis, adenosine has been used in clinical practice under expert supervision in children with stable wide-QRS complex tachycardia and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; however, the currently available data does not support a paediatric indication. In total, 6 cases of adenosine-induced arrhythmias (3 atrial fibrillation, 2 atrial flutter, 1 ventricular fibrillation) have been described in 6 children aged 0 to 16 years with manifest or concealed WPW syndrome, of which 3 spontaneously recovered and 3 needed amiodarone +/- cardioversion (see section 4.4).

Adenosine has been used as an aid to diagnosis of broad or narrow complex supraventricular tachycardias in same doses as for treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Although adenosine will not convert atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm, the slowing of AV conduction helps diagnosis of atrial activity. However, the currently available data does not support a paediatric indication for the use of adenosine for diagnostic purposes.

Adenosine is impossible to study via classical ADME protocols. It is present in various forms in all cells of the body where it plays an important role in energy production and utilisation systems. An efficient salvage and recycling system exists in the body, primarily in the erythrocytes and blood vessel endothelial cells. The half life in vitro is estimated to be <10 seconds. The in vivo half life may be even shorter.

Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential.

There are no preclinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to that already included in other sections of the SPC.

Sodium chloride

Water for injections

In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.

Unopened: 3 years

Once opened, the product should be used immediately.

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.

Colourless, transparent Ph Eur Type I glass vial containing 2ml of solution. Each vial is closed with a chlorobutyl rubber closure and secured with an aluminium cap.

Pack size: 6 x 2ml vials.

The product is for single use only. Any portion of the vial, not used at once, should be discarded.

The product should be inspected visually for particulate matter and colouration prior to administration. Where the visual appearance of the product may have changed, the vial should be discarded.

Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.