Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Bacterial and viral vaccines combined. Vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis
ATC Code: J07CA02
Clinical trials
The immune responses of children 3 to 6 years of age, adolescents and adults one-month after vaccination with REPEVAX are shown in the table below.
Table 2: Immune responses 4 weeks after vaccination with REPEVAX
| Antibody | Criteria | Children 3-5 years old1 (n = 148) | Children 5-6 years old2 (n = 240) | Adults and Adolescents3 (n = 994) |
| Diphtheria (SN, IU/mL) | ≥0.1 | 100% | 99.4% | 92.8% |
| Tetanus (ELISA, IU/mL or EU/mL)4 | ≥0.1 | 100% | 99.5% | 100% |
| Pertussis (ELISA, EU/mL) Pertussis Toxoid Filamentous Haemagglutinin Pertactin Fimbriae Types 2 and 3 | ≥55 | 99.3% 99.3% 100% 100% | 91.2% 99.1% 100% 99.5% | 99.7% 99.9% 99.6% 99.8% |
| IPV (SN, titre) Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 | ≥1:8 | 100% 100% 100% | 100% 100% 100% | 99.9% 100% 100% |
ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunoassay; EU: ELISA units; IPV: inactivated polio vaccine; IU: international units; n: number of participants who received REPEVAX; SN: seroneutralisation.
1 Studies U01-Td5I-303 and U02-Td5I-402 were conducted in UK with children previously primed with DTwP and OPV at 2, 3 and 4 months of age. U01-Td5I-303 enrolled children 3.5-5 years of age. U02-Td5I-402 enrolled children 3-3.5 years of age.
2 The Sweden 5.5 study was conducted in Swedish with children 5-6 years of age previously primed with DTaP and IPV at 3, 5, and 12 months of age.
3 Studies TD9707 and TD9809 were conducted in Canada. TD9707 enrolled adolescents 11-17 years of age and adults 18-64 years of age. Study TD9809 enrolled adolescents 11-14 years of age.
4 Tetanus units differed by the testing lab. Results were in IU/mL for the Sweden 5.5 study and in EU/mL for the other studies.
5 Antibody levels of ≥5 EU/mL were postulated as possible surrogate markers for protection against pertussis by Storsaeter J et al. Vaccine 1998;16:1907-16.
The use of REPEVAX in children aged 3 to 6 years is based upon studies in which REPEVAX was given as the fourth dose (first booster) of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccines. Robust immune responses were observed following a single dose of REPEVAX in children primed with either a whole cell pertussis vaccine (DTwP) and OPV (UK studies; ages 3-5 years) or an acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) and IPV (Sweden study; ages 5-6 years) during infancy.
The safety and immunogenicity of REPEVAX in adults and adolescents was shown to be comparable to that observed with a single booster dose of Td adsorbed or Td Polio adsorbed vaccines containing a similar amount of tetanus and diphtheria toxoids and inactivated poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3. The lower response to diphtheria toxoid in adults probably reflected the inclusion of some participants with an uncertain or incomplete immunization history.
Serological correlates of protection against pertussis have not been established. On comparison with data from the Sweden I pertussis efficacy trials conducted between 1992 and 1996, where primary immunization with Sanofi Pasteur's acellular pertussis infant DTaP formulation confirmed a protective efficacy of 85% against pertussis disease, it is considered that REPEVAX had elicited protective immune responses in children, adolescents, and adults in clinical trials.
Antibody persistence
Pivotal studies conducted with ADACEL provide serology follow-up data at 3, 5 and 10 years, in individuals previously immunized with a single booster dose of ADACEL. Persistence of seroprotection to diphtheria and tetanus, and seropositivity to pertussis is summarised in Table 3.
Table 3: Persistence of Seroprotection/Seropositivity Rates (%) in Children, Adolescents and Adults at 3-, 5- and 10- years following a dose of ADACEL (Tdap component of REPEVAX) (PPI Population1)
| | Children (4-6 years)2 | Adolescents (11-17 years)3 | Adults (18-64 years)3 |
| Time since ADACEL dose | 5 years | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years |
| Participants | N=128-150 | N=300 | N=204-206 | N=28-39 | N=292 | N=237-238 | N=120-136 |
| Antibody | % Seroprotection/Seropositivity |
| Diphtheria (SN, IU/mL) | ≥ 0.1 | 86.0 | 97.0 | 95.1 | 94.9 | 81.2 | 81.1 | 84.6 |
| ≥ 0.01 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 95.2 | 93.7 | 99.3 |
| Tetanus (ELISA, IU/mL) | ≥ 0.1 | 97.3 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.0 | 97.1 | 100 |
| Pertussis (ELISA, EU/mL) | Sero- positivity4 | 63.3 | 97.3 | 85.4 | 82.1 | 94.2 | 89.1 | 85.8 |
| PT |
| FHA | 97.3 | 100 | 99.5 | 100 | 99.3 | 100 | 100 |
| PRN | 95.3 | 99.7 | 98.5 | 100 | 98.6 | 97.1 | 99.3 |
| FIM | 98.7 | 98.3 | 99.5 | 100 | 93.5 | 99.6 | 98.5 |
ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunoassay; EU: ELISA units; IU: international units; N: number of participants with available data; PPI: per protocol immunogenicity; SN: seroneutralisation;
1Eligible participants for whom immunogenicity data were available for at least one antibody at the specified time-point.
2 Study Td508 was conducted in Canada with children 4-6 years of age.
3 Study Td506 was conducted in the United States with adolescents 11-17 years of age and adults 18-64 years of age.
4 Percentage of participants with antibodies ≥ 5 EU/mL for PT, ≥ 3 for FHA and PRN, and ≥ 17 EU/mL for FIM for the 3 year follow-up; ≥ 4 EU/mL for PT, PRN and FIM, and ≥ 3 EU/mL for FHA for the 5-year and 10-year follow-up
Follow-up studies conducted with REPEVAX provide serology data at 1, 3, 5 and 10 years in individuals previously immunized with a single booster dose of REPEVAX. Persistence of seroprotection to diphtheria and tetanus, seropositivity to pertussis and seroprotective antibody levels (≥1:8 dilution) for each poliovirus (types 1, 2 and 3) are summarized in Table 4.
Table 4: Persistence of Seroprotection/Seropositivity Rates (%) in Children, Adolescents and Adults at 1-, 3-, 5- and 10- years following a dose of REPEVAX (ITT Population1)
| | Children (3.5-5 years)2 | Adolescents (11-17 years)2 | Adults (18-64 years)2 |
| Time since REPEVAX dose | 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years |
| Participants | N=36-37 | N=36 | N=38-48 | N=64 | N=117 | N=108 | N=97-107 | N=32 | N=135-136 | N=127 | N=67-79 |
| Antibody | % Seroprotection/Seropositivity |
| Diphtheria (SN, IU/mL) | ≥ 0.1 | 89.2 | 72.2 | 75.0 | 71.9 | 85.2 | 77.1 | 68.5 | 62.5 | 55.6 | 35.2 | 32.9 |
| ≥ 0.01 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.1 | 96.2 | 99.1 | 90.6 | 91.9 | 79.2 | 84.8 |
| Tetanus (ELISA, IU/mL) | ≥ 0.1 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 97.2 | 100 | 97.8 | 98.4 | 93.7 |
| Pertussis (ELISA, EU/mL) | Sero-positivity3,4 | 89.2 | 61.1 | 55.3 | 98.4 | 96.6 | 99.1 | 87.6 | 100 | 97.1 | 97.6 | 91.0 |
| PT |
| FHA | 100 | 94.4 | 100 | 100 | 99.1 | 99.1 | 98.1 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| PRN | 97.3 | 91.7 | 95.7 | 100 | 99.1 | 100 | 88.8 | 100 | 99.3 | 98.4 | 93.7 |
| FIM | 100 | 100 | 95.7 | 98.4 | 98.3 | 98.1 | 100 | 93.8 | 94.1 | 93.7 | 98.7 |
| IPV (SN, titre) | ≥ 1:8 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Type 1 | 100 | 100 | 97.9 | 98.4 | 100 | 100 | NA | 100 | 100 | 100 | NA |
| Type 2 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | NA | 100 | 100 | 100 | NA |
| Type 3 | 100 | 97.2 | 95.7 | 98.4 | 100 | 98.2 | NA | 100 | 100 | 100 | NA |
ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunoassay; EU: ELISA units; IPV: inactivated polio vaccine; ITT: intention to treat; IU: international units; N: number of participants with available data; NA: not analysed; SN: seroneutralisation.
1 ITT population: Study U01-Td5I-303-LT: Eligible participants for whom immunogenicity data were available for at least one antibody at the specified time point and at year 5. Study TD9707-LT: Eligible participants for whom immunogenicity data were available for at least one antibody at the specified time point.
2 Study U01-Td5I-303-LT conducted in UK with children 3.5-5 years of age; Study TD9707-LT conducted in Canada with adolescents 11-17 years of age and adults 18-64 years of age.
3 For U01-Td5I-303-LT: percentage of participants with antibodies ≥ 5 EU/mL for PT, ≥ 3 for FHA and ≥ 4 for PRN and for FIM for the 1-year follow-up; ≥ 4 EU/mL for PT, FIM and PRN, and ≥ 3 EU/mL for FHA for the 3-year and 5-year follow-up.
4 For TD9707-LT: percentage of participants with antibodies ≥ 5 EU/mL for PT, ≥ 3 EU/mL for FHA and PRN, and ≥ 17 EU/mL for FIM for all time points except 10 years; ≥ 4 EU/mL for PT, FIM and PRN and ≥ 3 EU/mL for FHA for 10-year follow-up.
Immunogenicity following repeat vaccination
The immunogenicity of ADACEL following repeat vaccination 10 years after a previous dose of ADACEL or REPEVAX, has been evaluated. One month post-vaccination ≥ 98.5% of study participants achieved seroprotective antibody levels (≥ 0.1 IU/mL) for diphtheria and tetanus, and ≥ 84% achieved booster responses to the pertussis antigens. (A pertussis booster response was defined as a post-vaccination antibody concentration ≥ 4 times the LLOQ (Lower Limit Of Quantification) if the pre-vaccination level was < LLOQ; ≥ 4 times the pre-vaccination level if that was ≥ LLOQ but < 4 times LLOQ; or ≥ 2 times the pre-vaccination level if that was ≥ 4 times the LLOQ).
Based on the serology follow-up and repeat vaccination data, REPEVAX can be used instead of a dT vaccine or dT-IPV vaccine to boost immunity to pertussis in addition diphtheria, tetanus and polio.
Immunogenicity in naïve subjects
After administration of one dose of REPEVAX to 330 adults ≥40 years of age that had not received any diphtheria- and tetanus-containing vaccine in the past 20 years:
• ≥95.8% of adults were seropositive (≥ 5 IU/mL) for antibodies to all vaccine-containing pertussis antigens,
• 82.4% and 92.7% were seroprotected against diphtheria at a threshold ≥0.1 and ≥0.01 IU/mL, respectively,
• 98.5% and 99.7% were seroprotected against tetanus at a threshold ≥0.1 and ≥0.01 IU/mL, respectively,
• and ≥98.8% were seroprotected against polio (types 1, 2 and 3) at a threshold ≥1:8 dilution.
After administration of two additional doses of diphtheria- tetanus- and polio-containing vaccine to 316 subjects, one and six months after the first dose, the seroprotection rates against diphtheria were 94.6% and 100% (≥0.1 and ≥ 0.01 IU/mL, respectively), against tetanus 100% (≥0.1 IU/mL), and against polio (types 1, 2 and 3) 100% (≥1:8 dilution) (see Table 4).
Table 5: Serological immune status (seroprotection/seroresponse rates and GMC/GMT) before vaccination and after each dose of a 3 dose-vaccination schedule including REPEVAX® (Dose 1) followed by 2 doses of REVAXIS® 1 and 6 months later (Dose 2 and 3) in subjects vaccinated according to protocol (FAS)
| Antigen | Criteria | Pre-vaccination | Post-dose 1 REPEVAX® | Post-dose 2 REVAXIS® | Post-dose 3 REVAXIS® |
| N=330 | N=330 | N=325 | N=316 |
| Diphtheria (SN, IU/mL) | GMC 95%CI | 0.059 [0.046; 0.077] | 0.813 [0.624; 1.059] | 1.373 [1.100; 1.715] | 1.489 [1.262; 1.757] |
| ≥0.1 95%CI | 44.5% [39.1; 50.1] | 82.4% [77.9; 86.4] | 90.5% [86.7; 93.4] | 94.6% [91.5; 96.8] |
| ≥0.01 95%CI | 72.4% [67.3; 77.2] | 92.7% [89.4; 95.3] | 96.0% [93.3; 97.9] | 100% [98.8; 100] |
| Tetanus (ELISA, IU/mL) | GMC 95%CI | 0.48 [0.39;0.60] | 6.82 [5.92;7.87] | 7.60 [6.77;8.52] | 5.46 [5.01;5.96] |
| ≥0.1 95%CI | 81.2% [76.6; 85.3] | 98.5% [96.5; 99.5] | 100% [98.9; 100] | 100% [98.8; 100] |
| ≥0.01 95%CI | 92.4% [89.0; 95.0] | 99.7% [98.3; 100] | 100% [98.9; 100] | 100% [98.8; 100] |
| Poliomyelitis (SN, 1/dil) |
| Type 1 | GMT 95%CI | 162.6 [133.6; 198.0] | 2869.0 [2432.9; 3383.4] | 2320.2 [2010.9; 2677.0] | 1601.9 [1425.4; 1800.3] |
| ≥8 95%CI | 93.3% [90.1; 95.8] | 99.4% [97.8; 99.9] | 100% [98.9; 100] | 100% [98.8; 100] |
| Type 2 | GMT 95%CI | 164.5 [137.6;196.8] | 3829.7 [3258.5;4501.1] | 3256.0 [2818.2;3761.7] | 2107.2 [1855.7;2392.8] |
| ≥8 95%CI | 95.5% [92.6; 97.4] | 100% [98.9; 100] | 100% [98.9; 100] | 100% [98.8; 100] |
| Type 3 | GMT 95%CI | 69.0 [56.9; 83.6] | 5011.4 [4177.4; 6012.0] | 3615.6 [3100.5; 4216.4] | 2125.8 [1875.5; 2409.6] |
| ≥8 95%CI | 89.1% [85.2; 92.2] | 98.8% [96.9; 99.7] | 99.7% [98.3; 100] | 100% [98.8; 100] |
| Pertussis (ELISA, EU/mL) |
| PT | GMC 95%CI | 7.7 [6.8; 8.7] | 41.3 [36.7; 46.5] | | |
| ≥5 95%CI | - | 96.3% [93.6; 98.1] | - | - |
| FHA | GMC 95%CI | 28.5 [25.5; 31.8] | 186.7 [169.6; 205.6] | | |
| ≥5 95%CI | - | 100% [98.9; 100] | - | - |
| PRN | GMC 95%CI | 7.7 [6.7; 8.9] | 328.6 [273.0; 395.6] | | |
| ≥5 95%CI | - | 99.4% [97.8; 99.9] | - | - |
| FIM | GMC 95%CI | 6.1 [5.2; 7.1] | 149.6 [123.6; 181.0] | | |
| ≥5 95%CI | - | 95.8% [93.0; 97.7] | - | - |
GMC: Geometric mean of antibody concentrations; GMT: Geometric mean of antibody titres; CI: Confidence Interval; SN: seroneutralisation; ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunoassay; dil: dilution
FAS: Full Analysis Set – includes all subjects who received the study vaccine dose and for whom the post-vaccination immunogenicity evaluation was available.
Immunogenicity in pregnant women
Pertussis antibody responses in pregnant women are generally similar to those in non pregnant women. Vaccination during the second or third trimester of pregnancy is optimal for antibody transfer to the developing fetus.
Immunogenicity against pertussis in infants (<3 months of age) born to women vaccinated during pregnancy
Data from 2 published randomized controlled trials demonstrate higher pertussis antibody concentrations at birth and at 2 months of age, (ie, prior to the start of their primary vaccinations) in infants of women vaccinated with ADACEL during pregnancy compared with infants of women not vaccinated against pertussis during pregnancy.
In the first study, 33 pregnant women received ADACEL and 15 received saline placebo at 30 to 32 weeks gestation. The geometric mean concentrations (GMC) in EU/mL for the anti-pertussis antibodies to the PT, FHA, PRN, and FIM antigens in infants of vaccinated women were, respectively, 68.8, 234.2, 226.8, and 1867.0 at birth, and 20.6, 99.1, 75.7, and 510.4 at 2 months of age. In the control-group infants, the corresponding GMCs were 14.0, 25.1, 14.4, and 48.5 at birth, and 5.3, 6.6, 5.2, and 12.0 at 2 months. The GMC ratios (ADACEL/control group) were 4.9, 9.3, 15.8, and 38.5 at birth, and 3.9, 15.0, 14.6, and 42.5 at 2 months.
In the second study, 134 pregnant women received ADACEL and 138 received a tetanus and diphtheria control vaccine at a mean gestational age of 34.5 weeks. The GMCs (EU/mL) for the anti-pertussis antibodies to the PT, FHA, PRN, and FIM antigens in infants of vaccinated women were, respectively, 54.2, 184.2, 294.1, and 939.6 at birth, and 14.1, 51.0, 76.8, and 220.0 at 2 months of age. In the control-group infants, the corresponding GMCs were 9.5, 21.4, 11.2, and 31.5 at birth, and 3.6, 6.1, 4.4, and 9.0 at 2 months. The GMC ratios (ADACEL/control group) were 5.7, 8.6, 26.3, and 29.8 at birth, and 3.9, 8.4, 17.5, and 24.4 at 2 months.
These higher antibody concentrations should provide passive immunity against pertussis for the infant during the first 2 to 3 months of life, as has been shown by observational effectiveness studies.
Immunogenicity in infants and toddlers born to women vaccinated during pregnancy
For infants of women vaccinated with REPEVAX or ADACEL during pregnancy, the immunogenicity of routine infant vaccination was assessed in several published studies. Data on the infant response to pertussis and non-pertussis antigens were evaluated during the first year of life.
Maternal antibodies derived after REPEVAX or ADACEL vaccination in pregnancy may be associated with blunting of the infant immune response to active immunization against pertussis. Based on current epidemiological studies, this blunting may not have clinical relevance.
Data from several studies did not show any clinically relevant blunting from vaccination in pregnancy with REPEVAX or ADACEL and the infants' or toddlers' responses to diphtheria, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, inactivated poliovirus, or pneumococcal antigens.
Effectiveness against pertussis in infants born to women vaccinated during pregnancy
The vaccine effectiveness in the first 2-3 months of life for infants born to women vaccinated against pertussis during the third trimester of pregnancy has been evaluated in 3 observational studies. The overall effectiveness is > 90%.
Table 6: Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against pertussis disease in young infants born to mothers vaccinated during pregnancy with REPEVAX or ADACEL in 3 retrospective studies.
| Location | Vaccine | VE (95% CI) | VE estimation method | Infant follow-up period |
| UK | REPEVAX | 93% (81, 97) | unmatched case-control | 2 months |
| US | ADACEL* | 91.4% (19.5, 99.1) | cohort regression model | 2 months |
| UK | REPEVAX | 93% (89, 95) | screening (case-coverage) | 3 months |
| * Approximately 99% of women were vaccinated with ADACEL |