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2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Hydroxyzine hydrochloride 10mg
Excipient(s) with known effect:
Lactose (anhydrous) 47.3mg
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Method of administration: oral.
Dosage:
Anxiety
Adults 50-100mg four times daily.
Pruritus
Adults Starting dose of 25mg at night increasing as necessary to 25mg three or four times daily.
Use in the elderly Atarax may be used in elderly patients with no special precautions other than the care always necessary in this age group. The lowest effective maintenance dose and careful observation for side-effects are important. A reduced dose is advised. This is due to a possible increase in the volume of distribution, prolonged action and the possible effect of age-related changes on pharmacologic functions, including hepatic metabolism and renal excretion (see Section 5.2 ‘Pharmacokinetic properties’)
Use in children From 6 months to 6 years 5-15mg rising to 50mg daily in divided doses and for children over 6 years, 15-25mg rising to 50-100mg daily in divided doses.
As with all medications, the dosage should be adjusted according to the patient's response to therapy.
Hepatic impairment The total daily dose should be reduced by 33%. Use in patients with severe liver disease should be avoided (see Section 4.4 ‘Special Warnings and Precautions for Use’)
Renal impairment For patients with moderate or severe renal impairment, it is recommended that tThe total daily dosage should be reduced by half 50% (see section 4.4 'Special Warnings and Precautions for Use').
4.3 Contraindications
Atarax is contra-indicated in patients who have shown previous hypersensitivity to it.the following:
· patients who have shown previous hypersensitivity to hydroxyzine hydrochloride, cetirizine, other piperazine derivatives, aminophylline or ethylenediamine, or any of the excipients of Atarax (for a full list of excipients see section 6.1 ‘List of excipients’)
· asthmatics who have previously experienced a serious anti-histamine-induced adverse bronchopulmonary effect
· porphyria
· pregnancy and breast-feeding (see section 4.6 ‘Fertility, pregnancy and lactation’)
Contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Patients with hepatic impairment
Due to its sedative properties, use of hydroxyzine should be avoided in severe liver disease due to an increased risk of coma, and in patients with hepatic failure due to possibility of hepatic encephalopathy.
Hydroxyzine elimination is impaired in patients with hepatic dysfunction secondary to primary biliary cirrhosis. Dosage should be modified for patients with hepatic impairment (see Section 4.2 ‘Posology and Method of Administration’)
Patients with renal impairment
Atarax should be used with caution in patients with impaired renal function (see Section 4.2 'Posology and Method of Administration'). It is uncertain whether the drug may accumulate or have other adverse effects in such patients. Atarax is completely metabolised and one of the metabolites is the active metabolite cetirizine. Cetirizine is renally excreted and clearance is reduced in patients with moderate renal impairment and on dialysis compared to normal volunteers.
Elderly patients
In elderly patients, it is recommended to reduce the dose of hydroxyzine due to a possible increase in the volume of distribution, prolonged action, and the possible effect of age-related changes on pharmacologic functions, including hepatic metabolism and renal excretion (see Section 4.2 ‘Posology and Method of Administration’ and Section 5.2 ‘Pharmacokinetic properties’)
Because of its potential anticholinergic effectsantimuscarinic actions, Atarax should be used with caution in patients with bladder outflow obstruction.suffering from angle-closure glaucoma, urinary retention, prostatic hyperplasia, or pyroduodenal obstruction.
Caution is required in patients suffering the following conditions:
· patients with a predisposition to cardiac dysrythmias, with susceptibility to QT-interval prolongation or who are concomitantly treated with a potentially arrhythmogenic drug. All antihistamines should be screened for cardiotoxicity, as some patients may be poor metabolizers or may be susceptible to plasma concentrations near to the usual therapeutic range
· seizure disorders including epilepsy
· myasthenia gravis
· dementia
· decreased GI motility
· bladder outflow obstruction
· stenosing peptic ulcer
· patients with breathing problems (e.g. emphysema, chronic bronchitis)
· increased intraocular pressure
· hyperthyroidism
· cardiovascular disease
· hypertension
Dosage adjustments may be required if Atarax is used simultaneously with other CNS depressants or with drugs having antimuscarinic properties (see section 4.5 ‘Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction’).
The concomitant use of alcohol and hydroxyzine should be avoided (see section 4.5 ‘Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction’).
Treatment should be stopped for one week before skin testing for allergy is undertaken, and for 96 hours prior to a methocholine test.
Children and the elderly are more susceptible to side-effects.
Patients should be warned of impaired judgement and dexterity.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Atarax may have the following interactions:
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Methocholine test
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Treatment should be stopped for 96 hours prior to a methocholine test, to avoid effects on the test results (see section 4.4 'Special warnings and precautions for use')
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Skin testing for allergy
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Treatment should be stopped at least one week before skin testing for allergy to avoid effects on the test results (see section 4.4 'Special warnings and precautions for use')
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CNS depressants
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Patients should be warned that Atarax may enhance their response to alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, opioids, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, antidepressents, antiemetics, antiepileptics, other antihistamines, skeletal muscle relaxants, sedatives, anaesthetics and other CNS depressants (see section 4.4 ‘Special warnings and precautions for use’)
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Antimuscarinics
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Antimuscarinic side effects (both peripheral and central) may be increased if Atarax is given with antimuscarinics such as atropine and some antidepressants (both tricyclics and MAOIs) (see section 4.4 ‘Special warnings and precautions for use’)
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Adrenaline
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Hydroxyzine has been shown to inhibit and reverse the vasopressor effect of adrenaline (see Section 4.9 ‘Overdose’)
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Anticholinergic agents
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Additive anticholinergic effects may occur if hydroxyzine is administered concomitantly with other anticholinergic agents
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Anticholinesterase drugs
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Hydroxyzine may antagonise the effects of anticholinesterase drugs
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Betahistine
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Hydroxyzine may antagonise the effects of betahistine
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Cimetidine
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Cimetidine, 600mg twice a day, has been shown to increase the serum concentrations of hydroxyzine and to decrease peak concentrations of the metabolite cetirizine
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CYP2D6 & cytochrome P450
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Hydroxyzine is an inhibitor of CYP2D6 and may cause drug-drug interactions with CYP2D6 substrates. Cetirizine does not interact with other drug substances via cytochrome P450
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Drugs which have effects on the brain
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Drugs which have effects on the brain will interact with antihistamines
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Drugs that affect the hepatic microsomal enzyme system
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Metabolism may be reduced in patients concomitantly receiving drugs that affect the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. Decreased metabolism may result in accumulation of potentially toxic concentrations of unchanged antihistamine
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Ototoxic drugs
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It has been suggested that some sedating antihistamines could mask the warning signs of damage caused by ototoxic drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics
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Porter-Silber reaction or the Glenn-Nelson method
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Hydroxyzine has been reported to cause falsely elevated urinary concentrations of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids when the Porter-Silber reaction or the Glenn-Nelson method is used
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Patients should be warned that Atarax may enhance their response to alcohol, barbiturates and other CNS depressants.
4.1 Fertility, pPregnancy and lactation
Atarax is contra-indicated in early pregnancy. Hydroxyzine, when administered to the pregnant mouse, rat and rabbit, induced foetal abnormalities at doses substantially above the human therapeutic range.
Pregnancy
Atarax should not be used during pregnancy (see section 4.3 ‘Contraindications’).
Clinical data in humans are inadequate to establish safety in early pregnancy. There is inadequate evidence of safety in the later stages of pregnancy. Use in pregnancy only when there is no safe alternative or when the disease itself carries risks for the mother or child.
The use of sedating antihistamines in the latter part of the third trimester may cause adverse effects in neonates such as irritability, paradoxical excitability, and tremor.
Animal studies have shown reproductive toxicity. Foetal abnormalities have been reported when hydroxyzine was administered, at doses substantially above the human therapeutic dose, to the pregnant mouse, rat and rabbit.
Hydroxyzine crosses the placental barrier which may lead to higher foetal than maternal concentrations.
The following events were observed in a neonate whose mother received high dose (600mg per day) hydroxyzine during pregnancy; hypotonia, movement disorders including extrapyramidal disorders, clonic movements, tachypnea and poor feeding.
Lactation
Use in nursing mothers It is not known whether Atarax is excreted in human milk. Since many drugs are so excreted,It is expected that Atarax may be excreted into breast milk. The effects on the nursing infant are unknown. Atarax should not be given to nursing mothers (see section 4.3 ‘Contraindications).
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Patients should be warned that Atarax may impair their ability to perform activities requiring mental alertness or physical co-ordination such as operating machinery or driving a vehicle. Concomitant use of hydroxyzine with alcohol or other CNS depressants should be avoided as this may aggravate these effects (see section 4.5 ‘Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).
4.8 Undesirable effects
Therapeutic doses of Atarax seldom produce marked impairment of mental alertness. Drowsiness may occur; if so, it is usually transitory and may disappear after a few days of continued therapy or upon reduction of the dose. Dryness of the mouth may be encountered at higher doses. Dizziness, weakness, headache and confusion, and urinary retention have been reported.
Extensive clinical use has substantiated the absence of toxic effects on the liver or bone marrow when administered for over four years of uninterrupted therapy. The absence of side-effects has been further demonstrated in experimental studies in which excessively high doses were administered.
Involuntary motor activity, including rare instances of tremor and convulsions, have been reported, usually with doses considerably higher than those recommended. Continuous therapy with over 1g/day has been employed in some patients without these effects having been encountered.
The most common adverse effect of the sedating antihistamines is CNS depression. Effects vary from slight drowsiness to deep sleep, and include lassitude, dizziness, and incoordination. Paradoxical stimulation may occasionally occur, especially at high doses and in children and the elderly. If sedative effects occur, they may diminish after a few days of treatment. Other common adverse effects include headache, psychomotor impairment and antimuscarinic effects.
Undesirable effects are listed by MedDRA System Organ Classes.
Assessment of undesirable effects is based on the following frequency groupings:
Very common: ≥1/10
Common: ≥1/100 to <1/10
Uncommon: ≥1/1,000 to <1/100
Rare: ≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000
Very rare: <1/10,000
Not known: cannot be estimated from the available data
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System Organ Class
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Undesirable Effect
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Frequency
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Blood and lymphatic system disorders
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blood disorders, including agranulocytosis, leucopenia, haemolytic anaemia, and thrombocytopenia
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Not known
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Immune system disorders
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hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylaxis, angioedema
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Not known
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Metabolic and nutritional disorders
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porphyria, anorexia
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Not known
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Psychiatric disorders
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agitation, confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, sleep disturbances, depression, increased anxiety, nightmares
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Not known
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Nervous system disorders
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dyskinesia4, insomnia, sedation, drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, headache, tremor1 convulsions2, psychomotor impairment, paraesthesias, extrapyramidal effects, seizure, coma, somnolence, disturbance in attention, involuntary motor activity3, ataxia, slurred speech, bitter taste in mouth, faintness
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Not known
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Eye disorders
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accommodation disorder, blurred vision
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Not known
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Ear and labyrinth disorders
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tinnitus, labrynthitis, vertigo
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Not known
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Cardiac disorders
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tachycardia, palpitation
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Not known
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Vascular disorders
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hypotension, flushing
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Not known
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Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
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bronchospasm, thickened respiratory tract secretions, wheezing, nasal stuffiness, dryness of throat
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Not known
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Gastrointestinal disorders
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constipation, dryness of the mouth, nausea, vomiting, increased gastric reflux, diarrhoea, epigastric pain, increased GI peristalsis
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Not known
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Hepatobiliary disorders
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liver dysfunction
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Not known
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Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
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dermatitis, fixed drug eruption, pruritis, erythema, papular rash, sweating increased, urticaria, hair loss, eczema
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Not known
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Muscoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
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myalgia
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Not known
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Renal and urinary disorders
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urinary retention, dysuria
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Not known
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Reproductive system and breast disorders
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priapism, impotence, early menses
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Not known
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General disorders and administration site conditions
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fatigue, malaise, lassitude, pyrexia, dryness of respiratory mucosae, asthenia, tightness of chest, irritability, chills
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Not known
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Investigations
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liver function tests abnormal
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Not known
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Footnotes
1,2, 3 reported usually with doses considerably higher than those recommended. Continuous therapy with over 1g/day has been employed in some patients without these effects having been encountered
4 dyskinesia may follow termination of prolonged antihistamine therapy.
Children and the elderly are more susceptible to side-effects.
4.9 Overdose
The most common manifestation of Atarax overdosage is hypersedation. As in the management of overdosage with any drug, it should be borne in mind that multiple agents may have been taken. If vomiting has not occurred spontaneously in conscious patients it should be induced. Immediate gastric lavage is also recommended. General supportive care, including frequent monitoring of the vital signs and close observation of the patient is indicated. Hypotension, though unlikely, may be controlled with intravenous fluids and noradrenaline, or metaraminol. Adrenaline should not be used in this situation as Atarax counteracts its pressor action.
There is no specific antidote. It is doubtful whether haemodialysis has any value in the treatment of overdosage with Atarax. However, if other agents such as barbiturates have been ingested concomitantly, haemodialysis may be indicated.
Overdosage with sedating antihistamines is associated with antimuscarinic, extrapyramidal, and CNS effects. If CNS stimulation predominates over CNS depression, ataxia, excitement, seizures, tremors, psychoses, hallucinations, convulsions and hyperpyrexia can occur. Coma and cardiorespiratory collapse may follow. CNS stimulation is more likely in children and elderly. In adults, CNS depression is more common with drowsiness, postictal depression, coma, and convulsions, progressing to respiratory failure and cardiovascular collapse. In children and adults, cerebral oedema and upper nephron nephrosis, a deepening coma, tachycardia, QRS widening, heart block, cardiorespiratory collapse/arrest, cardiogenic shock, and death may occur.
Common features include excessive sedation, nausea, vomiting, flushing, dilated pupils, dry mouth and tongue, hot dry skin, fever, sinus tachycardia, hypertension, ataxia, nystagmus, delirium, agitation, psychosis and visual hallucinations. Uncommon systemic features include myoclonic jerking, muscle rigidity, coma, convulsions, cardiac conduction abnormalities, QT prolongation and arrhythmias, cardiovascular collapse, paralytic ileus, urinary retention, hyperkalaemia, metabolic acidosis and rhabdomyolysis.
Peak concentrations occur approximately two hours post ingestion, and elimination half-life has been reported approximately 14 hours and 20 hours post ingestion (see section 5.2 ‘Pharmacokinetic properties’).
There is no specific antidote. It is doubtful whether haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis has any value in the treatment of overdosage with Atarax. However, if other agents such as barbiturates have been ingested concomitantly, dialysis may be indicated.
Consider activated charcoal only if the patient presents within 1 hour of ingestion of a potentially toxic amount. Gastric lavage is rarely required; for substances that cannot be removed effectively by other means, it should be considered only if a life-threatening amount has been ingested within the previous hour. It should be carried out only if the airway can be protected adequately. Induction of emesis is not recommended.
General supportive care, including frequent monitoring of the vital signs and close observation of the patient is indicated. Clear airways should be maintained, and there should be adequate ventilation. Assisted ventilation is indicated if hypercapnia is present. Observation for 6 hours after ingestion, without any other specific treatment, will be sufficient for the majority of patients. Monitor BP, pulse and body temperature. In symptomatic patients measure U&Es and creatine kinase. Perform a 12-lead ECG and monitor cardiac rhythm. Patients who have been unconscious may be hypothermic.
Hypotension, though unlikely, may be controlled with intravenous fluids. In adults, if severe hypotension persists, determine the cause and consider treatment with the following; if hypotension is mainly due to decreased systemic vascular resistance, drugs such as noradrenaline or high dose dopamine may be beneficial, if hypotension is due to reduced cardiac output dobutamine, or in severe cases adrenaline may be beneficial. However it should be noted that hydroxyzine has been shown to inhibit and reverse the vasopressor effect of adrenaline.
Analeptic agents should not be used since they may cause seizures.
As in the management of overdosage with any drug, it should be borne in mind that multiple agents may have been taken.
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anxiolytics
ATC code: N05B B01
Atarax is unrelated chemically to benzodiazepines, phenothiazines, reserpine and meprobamate.
Mechanism of action
Hydroxyzine is a first generation antihistamine, a piperazine derivative, with antimuscarinic and sedative properties.
Antihistamines act as competitive antagonists of histamine at H1 histamine receptors, thus inhibiting H1 receptor-mediated reactions, such as vasodilation, flare and itch reactions and sneezing.
First-generation H1 antagonists easily cross the blood-brain barrier, consequently producing well-documented sedative and anticholinergic effects.
First-generation antihistamines also have affinity for 5-HT receptors, alpha-adrenoreceptors, and muscarinic receptors. They also reduce cyclic GMP concentrations, increase atrioventricular nodal conduction, and inhibit activation of airway vagal afferent nerves.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Hydroxyzine has CNS depressant, anticholinergic, antispasmodic, and local anaesthetic activity, in addition to antihistaminic effects. The drug also has sedative, antiemetic and primary skeletal muscle relaxant activity.
An onset of sedative action of hydroxyzine is usually noted within 15 to 30 minutes after oral administration. Sedative effects persist for 4-6 hours following administration of a single dose.
Hydroxyzine suppresses the inflammatory response (wheal and flare reaction) and pruritus for up to 4 days after intradermal skin tests with allergens and histamine.
The therapeutic range for plasma hydroxyzine concentrations and the relationship of
plasma concentration to clinical response or toxicity have not been established.
Hydroxyzine does not appear to increase gastric secretions or acidity, and usually has mild antisecretory effects.
Atarax has been shown clinically to be a rapid-acting anxiolytic with a wide margin of safety.
It induces a calming effect in anxious tense adults. It is not a cortical depressant, but its action may be due to a suppression of activity in certain key regions of the subcortical area of the central nervous system.
Clinical efficacy and safety
Atarax has been shown clinically to be a rapid-acting anxiolytic with a wide margin of safety.
Antihistamine effects have been demonstrated experimentally and confirmed clinically; it is highly effective in alleviating pruritus.
Paediatric population
The pharmacokinetics and antipruritic effects of hydroxyzine were studied in 12 children (mean age 6.1 +/- 4.6 years) with severe atopic dermatitis, each given a single 0.7 mg/kg oral dose. Pruritis was significantly suppressed from 1 to 24 hours after the administration of the dose, with greater than 85% suppression from 2 to 12 hours. The potent antipruritic effect persists even when serum concentrations of the drug are low (only 10% of the maximum levels achieved). In children, the biologic effects of hydroxyzine appear to be much more prolonged than would be predicted from the half life values.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Atarax is rapidly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and effects are usually noted within 15 to 30 minutes after oral administration.
Absorption
Hydroxyzine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
After a single oral dose of hydroxyzine, 0.7 mg/kg (mean dose 39.0 +/- 5.4 mg) a mean maximum serum hydroxyzine concentration of 72.5 +/- 11.1 ng/ml has been shown to occur at a mean time of 2.1 +/- 0.4 hours.
Distribution
Distribution of hydroxyzine into human body tissues and fluids has not been fully characterised. Following administration of hydroxyzine to animals, the drug is widely distributed into most body tissues and fluids with highest concentrations in the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and adipose tissue. The drug is also distributed into bile in animals.
Hydroxyzine crosses the placental barrier which may lead to higher foetal than maternal concentrations.
Serum hydroxyzine concentrations do not necessarily reflect hydroxyzine tissue binding or distribution to skin receptor sites. Suppression of wheals, flares, and associated pruritis has been shown to persist even when serum hydroxyzine concentrations are low.
First-generation H1 antagonists easily cross the blood-brain barrier.
In a study group of healthy adults, the mean apparent volume of distribution has been found to be 16.0 +/- 3.0 L/kg.
Biotransformation
Hydroxyzine is metabolised in the liver. Metabolites include cetirizine, which has antihistaminic activity. Cetirizine is formed from hydroxyzine via an oxidative biotransformation step.
Elimination
An elimination half life of 20.0 +/- 4.1 hours and of 14.0 hours has been reported for hydroxyzine.
Total body clearance in adults is generally in the range of 5 to 12 ml/min/kg.
Hydroxyzine is eliminated by hepatic metabolism in humans. Cetirizine is mainly renally excreted.
Special populations
Elderly patients
The pharmacokinetics of hydroxyzine were studied in nine healthy elderly (mean age 69.5 +/- 3.7 years) subjects who ingested a single dose of hydroxyzine, 0.7 mg/kg (mean dose 49.0 +/- 6.7 mg). The mean serum elimination half life value of hydroxyzine in this elderly group was 29.3 +/-10.1 hours (range 20.2 to 53.3 hours), which was significantly longer than that reported in younger subjects. The mean apparent volume of distribution of hydroxyzine in this elderly group was 22.5 +/- 6.3 L/kg (range 13.4 to 30.7L/kg), which was significantly larger than that reported to be found in young adults. Hydroxyzine has a long mean serum elimination half life value, a large volume of distribution and a prolonged pharmacodynamic effect (suppressive effect on wheal and flare response to histamine) in the elderly.
In the elderly a number of age-related biological and physiological changes may have an effect on the pharmacology of hydroxyzine and its metabolite, cetirizine. These changes may impact upon the pharmacologic functions of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and receptor sensitivity.
Dosage reduction may be appropriate in elderly patients (see section 4.2 ‘Posology and Method of Administration’)
Paediatric patients
The pharmacokinetics and antipruritic effects of hydroxyzine hydrochloride was studied in 12 children aged 1 to 14 years (mean age 6.1 +/- 4.6 years) with severe atopic dermatitis. The children were given a single orally administered dose of 0.7 mg/kg hydroxyzine. The mean peak serum concentration of 47.4 +/- 17.3 ng/ml occurred at a mean time of 2.0 +/- 0.9 hours. Terminal elimination half life was shorter in children than in adults, at a mean of 7.1+/- 2.3 hours. This resulted from a larger clearance rate in children of 32.08 +/- 11.05 ml/min/kg. The elimination half-life values increased with increasing age. Half life values were approximately 4 hours in the 1 year old patients and 11 hours in the 14 year old patient.
Dosage should be adjusted in the paediatric population (see section 4.2 ‘Posology and Method of Administration’)
Hepatic impairment
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hydroxyzine were studied in eight patients (mean age 53.4 +/- SD11.2 years) with primary biliary cirrhosis, given a single dose of 0.7 mg/kg (mean dose 43.9 +/- 6.6mg) hydroxyzine. All patients had abnormal liver biochemistry tests, all had biopsies compatible with primary biliary cirrhosis, and seven of eight had positive tests for antimitochondrial antibodies.
Hydroxyzine elimination was found to be impaired in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Mean peak hydroxyzine levels occurring at 2.3 +/- 0.7 hours were found to be 116.5 +/- 60.6 ng/ml, which was significantly higher than in other patient groups studied previously. Mean serum elimination half-life of hydroxyzine was 36.6 +/- 13.1 hours, which was significantly longer than in patients with normal hepatic function studied previously.
Dosage should be adjusted in patients with hepatic impairment (see section 4.2 ‘Posology and Method of Administration’)
Renal impairment
The pharmacokinetics of hydroxyzine and of its active metabolite cetirizine wereas studied in patients with reduced kidney function. Eight healthy volunteers and eight patients with renal insufficiency received a single peroral dose of 50 mg hydroxyzine. Results showed that the peak serum concentrations of hydroxyzine and the extent of exposure to hydroxyzine did not differ to a relevant extent between these two groups (AUC 996 vs. 1621 ng·h·ml-1). In contrast, for cetirizine (the major metabolite of hydroxyzine), the peak concentration, extent of exposure, and mean residence time were significantly enhanced in the patient group (AUC 6036 vs. 31635 ng·h·ml-1; t1/2 15 vs. 36h; MRT 23 vs. 64h).
With regards to hydroxyzine, results showed moderate elevation of the average terminal half-life in the patients group (t1/2 14 vs. 23 h). The areas under the concentration-time curves (AUC) were 996 ng·h·ml-1 in the healthy volunteers group and 1621 ng·h·ml-1 in the patients group. For cetirizine, AUC measured 6036 ng·h·ml-1 in the healthy volunteers group and 31635 ng·h·ml-1 in the patients group. The study concluded that the reduced renal clearance of cetirizine may be of clinical importance in patients with renal failure.
Dosage should be adjusted in patients with renal impairment (see section 4.2 ‘Posology and Method of Administration’)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Hydroxyzine hydrochloride has been reported to be incompatible with aminophylline, benzylpenicillin salts, chloramphenicol sodium succinate, dimenhydrinate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (in a liposomal formulation), thioridazine, and some soluble barbiturates.
None stated.
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